摘要
西周里之民居单位说和度制单位说各有依据,但各执一偏。从国家形态和社会结构层面考察,在西周宗族城邦时代,里是以宗族血缘关系为基础的民居单位和土地管理单位的统一体;里君由贵族担任,是国家政务官,既治民亦治地,而以治民为主。随着宗族城邦向领土国家转变,国野之别消弭,原隶属统治宗族由宗主支配的农夫、土地逐步隶属国家,里在国家行政结构中的地位下沉,“书社”即这一过程的历史体现,而非史家认为的农村公社。至战国,领土国家形成,宗族血缘关系从国家行政中剥离,新型户籍制度形成,国家直接控制编户和土地,以人量地、以地治民、人地合一控制体系法典化,里成为人地并治并以治民为主以保证国家赋役最大化的基层行政单位。西汉授田制瓦解,里蜕变为基层民居组织。
In the Western Zhou Dynasty,there were two meanings of Li(里),either representing the residential unit,or representing the length or area unit,and the two opinions had their own basis,but each holding their own partial opinion.From the perspective of state form and social structure,Li was a unity of residential unit and land management unit based on the clan blood relationship in the age of the clan city-state in the Western Zhou Dynasty.The administrator of Li who served as a government official was held by the nobility,ruling both the people and the land,with a focus on governing the people.With the transformation of clan city-state into territorial state,the distinction between Guo(国)and Ye(野)had been eliminated,the farmers and the land,which were formerly subordinate to the ruling clan and dominated by the patriarch,gradually became part of the state,and the status of Li in the national administrative structure declined,“Shu She”(书社),rather than the rural commune as some historians believed was the historical embodiment of this process.During the Warring States period,with the formation of territorial state,the separating of kinship of clans from the state administration,and the formation of a new household registration system,the state began to control directly the households and land,the system of measuring land by people,governing people by land,and integrating people and land had been codified.Under this circumstance,Li became a grass-roots administrative unit that governed both people and land,emphasizing governance of the people,to ensure the maximization of national taxes and corvée.With the collapse of the land granting system in the Western Han Dynasty,Li transformed into a grassroots residential organization.
作者
臧知非
ZANG Zhi-fei(Institute for Advanced Humanities,Shaanxi Normal University,Xi'an,Shaanxi,710062,China)
出处
《史学集刊》
CSSCI
北大核心
2024年第2期54-66,共13页
Collected Papers of History Studies
基金
国家社会科学基金重点项目“秦汉农民身份演变的历史考察”(15AZS008)。
关键词
先秦
国家形态
里
人地合一
Pre-Qin period
national form
Li(里)
integration of people and land
作者简介
臧知非,陕西师范大学人文高等研究院特聘教授,研究方向为秦汉史。
