摘要
魏晋“侍臣”具有“亲尊合一”的特殊定位。其理想人选限定于具备儒学修养与知识储备的士人精英,通过发挥在皇帝侧近“顾问应对”的核心功能,确保皇帝在空间上为儒学意识形态包围与浸透。“侍臣”之制有别于两汉传统,滥觞自汉献帝即位至出关中东归的六年间(189—195)士人精英推动的内朝革新。不见于汉代史料的“侍臣”之称,很可能创制于这一过程,并为《献帝起居注》等作品书写和传播。许都汉廷和曹氏魏国分别以侍中尚书和散骑之制,进一步巩固和发展了这一制度革新成果,并为其后的魏晋王权所继承。所谓“波纹式循环发生”的经典模式,对此不能进行有效解释。
In the Wei and Jin Dynasties,the attendant courtiers(侍臣)were special officials who were different from the high officials(公卿)in the outer court and also sharply demarcated from other groups of officials at the side of an emperor,thus holding a special status with respect and closeness to the emperor.By giving play to their core functions as advisers and responders(顾问应对)at the side of an emperor,the attendant courtiers ensured that the emperor was surrounded and penetrated by Confucian ideology in space.The ideal candidates of attendant courtiers were limited to those elite scholars who were provided with Confucian training and knowledge storage.The system of attendant courtiers was different from the traditions of the Western and Eastern Dynasties and can be traced back to the reform of the Inner Court after the Emperor Xiandi of the Han Dynasty(汉献帝)ascended the throne.This system maintained great stability during the six years(189-195)since the Emperor Xiandi took the throne,because palace attendants(侍中)and palace gatekeepers(黄门侍郎)entered into the imperial palace and took the place of eunuchs at the side of the emperor.The title"attendant courtier"was not found in the historical files of the Han Dynasty,which might be fabricated by the elite scholars in this course,and used and spread in such works as The Notes of Emperor Xiandi's Words and Actions(《献帝起居注》).After the Emperor Xiandi moved his capital to Xuchang(许昌),the following Han Court and the Cao's Wei State(曹氏魏国)respectively adopted the system of attendant secretaries(侍中尚书)and the system of cavalier attendants(散骑),and further consolidated the achievements of this systematic reform,which was inherited by the later Wei and Jin Dynasties.
作者
徐冲
Xu Chong(Department of History,Fudan University,Shanghai 200433,China)
出处
《北京大学学报（哲学社会科学版）》
CSSCI
北大核心
2023年第4期59-69,共11页
Journal of Peking University(Philosophy and Social Sciences)
关键词
侍臣
内朝
汉献帝
《献帝起居注》
“波纹式循环发生”
attendant courtier
Emperor Xiandi of the Han Dynasty(汉献帝)
inner court
The Notes of Emperor Xiandi's Words and Actions(《献帝起居注》)
corrugated circular occurrence
作者简介
徐冲,男,山东东营人,复旦大学历史学系教授。
