摘要
中国古代官制中本无"宰相"称号,故对宰相概念的讨论应先于实在的宰相制度。唐代杜佑《通典》之"宰相"条、北宋《册府元龟》之"宰辅部"所展现的唐宋宰相概念的基本要素有二:一是"枢机",即"近要之官";二是"总统",即统摄百官百司。二者之中,又以"枢机"为基础。实际上,唐与北宋君主的枢机不限于宰相,还包括学士、宦官、佞幸等,他们共同构成君主支配天下的关键设置。枢机制与委托制,可谓中国古代君主支配天下的两种基本模式。
By exploring two parts of the concept of Grand Councilor(Zaixiang,宰相)in the Tang and Song dynasties,this paper proposes two ideal models to analyze the domination of monarchs in imperial China.Tongdian by Du You(734-812)and Cefu Yuangui compiled in 1013 present two essential elements in the concept of Grand Councilor.First,the Grand Councilor referred to the members of Privy Council(Shuji,枢机),a committee of private advisors of the monarch who gave confidential advice on state affairs.Second,the Grand Councilor appertained to the prime minister,the head of officials and bureaucracy.Among the two elements,the role of Privy Council was more fundamental.In practice,the membership of Privy Council was not limited to Grand Councilors,it also included scholars,eunuchs,and sycophants.Together they constituted the pivot for the domination of monarchs in the Tang and Northern Song dynasties.The direct rule through Privy Council and the entrustment system through prime ministers constituted two ideal domination models of the monarchs in imperial China.
出处
《史学月刊》
CSSCI
北大核心
2021年第3期43-60,共18页
Journal of Historical Science
基金
国家社会科学基金一般项目“宋王朝形态研究”(20BZS044)
清华大学自主科研项目
关键词
唐宋时期
宰相
枢机制
委托制
Tang and Song Dynasties
Grand Councilors
Privy Council
Entrustment System
作者简介
方诚峰,历史学博士,清华大学人文学院历史系副教授。
