摘要
举国体制在我国“两弹一星”、人工合成结晶牛胰岛素、青蒿素等重大成就中发挥了至为重要的作用。近年来,在科技攻关中采用新型举国体制受到越来越多的重视,但在新形势下如何更高效地实施,需要进一步的探索。为解析这一问题,我们从历史逻辑、理论逻辑和实践逻辑出发,就国内外如何在国家层面调动创新资源、突破重大科学技术难题的方法和案例进行了比较,就我国不同历史时期的科技创新形势进行了对比,在此基础上提出了新型举国体制实施的“弓箭模式”。该模式表明新型举国体制是“自上而下”与“自下而上”的有机结合,前者侧重于确定大目标和大方向,后者则侧重保持各任务的适应性和灵活性。一方面,“自上而下”的路径通过对各解决方案的内在关联梳理,使得整体谋划瞄准战略重点来展开;另一方面,“自下而上”的路径则用于协同子任务团队各尽所能地围绕大目标来攻关。因而,新型举国体制或可在科技团队的攻关任务协同中发挥重要作用。
There has been an increased recognition that more attention needs to be paid to the new nationwide system in scientific and technological innovations.While the nationwide system can be adopted optimally in the past decades,pathways about how to be implemented in the new era still need further exploration.In order to analyze this issue,we compared the methods and cases of how to mobilize innovative resources and breakthrough major national scientific and technological problems at home and abroad.We compared the scientific and technological innovation situation in different historical periods in China from the view of history,theory,and practices.On this basis,we put forward the“bow and arrow mode”for implementing the new nationwide system.This pattern has shown that the new nationwide system in scientific and technological innovations relies on the combinations of the top-down approach to determine larger goals and the bottom-up approach to maintaining the adaptability and the flexibility of each task.On the one hand,by modeling the interlinkages in the overall solution,the top-down approach is designed to focus on the strategic priorities of holistic thinking and planning.On the other hand,the bottom-up approach is applied to distribute the local tasks based on the innovation capabilities of each team to fulfill the larger goals.Therefore,implementing a new nationwide system in scientific and technological innovations can spawn many positive impacts through synthesizing coordination strategies for team tasks.
作者
张宇
郑崇辉
姜言彬
ZHANG Yu;ZHENG Chonghui;JIANG Yanbin(Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences,Hangzhou 31000,China;Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science,Chinese Academyof Sciences,Shanghai 200031,China;Bureau of Major R&D Programs,Chinese Academy ofSciences,Beijing 100864,China)
出处
《世界科技研究与发展》
CSCD
2023年第1期7-13,共7页
World Sci-Tech R&D
关键词
科技创新
新型举国体制
自上而下
自下而上
大科学
Scientific and Technological Innovations
New Nationwide System
Top-down
Bottom-up
Big Science
作者简介
张宇,教授级高级工程师,国科大杭州高等研究院生命与健康科学学院副院长,主要研究方向:科技管理与知识产权,E-mail:zy@ucas.ac.cn。
