摘要
宋代宦官活跃于国家行政中众多环节,却未酿阉祸,其要在于独特的人事制度。宦官品阶被纵向截断,内侍两省掌握本省宦官之名籍与迁转;宦官升至内常侍及内殿崇班,人事关系从两省转出,归枢密院管辖。宦官的差遣遍及中外,都在行政中接受外朝监督。高层宦官形成差遣序列,都知、押班等“省官”之任命需经外朝取旨,且出外制;勾当御药院等以下则由本省选差、注拟,枢密院出宣,外朝较难置喙。人事关系的切割让宦官系统既独立于外朝,又不完整。宋廷一方面令部分中高级宦官获得外朝官员身份,另一方面又让外朝部分介入他们的品阶迁转与差遣注拟,令宦官群体呈现出鲜明的“出入宫朝”之特点。这造成了宫朝间在人事上既分立又交错,行政上便能既协同共事又相互掣肘。
Eunuchs in the Song dynasty were active in many areas of palace and court administration.However, it did not lead to eunuch dictatorship.This was due to the ingenious personnel system of Song.The rank structure of eunuchs was cut into two parts.Runei Neishi Sheng and Neishi Sheng were in charge of personnel files of normal eunuchs.When the eunuchs were promoted to Neichangshi or Neidian Chongban, their personnel relations were transferred to the Bureau of Military Affairs(Shumi Yuan).Eunuchs worked everywhere, and were supervised by the Outer Court through administrative means.High-ranking eunuchs’ positions formed a sequence.The appointment of “Shengguan”,the leaders of Runei Neishi Sheng and Neishi Sheng, must be determined by the court.The appointment of eunuchs below Goudang Yuyao Yuan were decided and drafted by Runei Neishi Sheng and Neishi Sheng, and publicized by the Bureau of Military Affairs(Shumi Yuan).It was difficult for the Outer Court to have a voice in it.The cutting of personnel relations made the eunuch system independent of the Outer Court but incomplete.Some eunuchs were granted the official status of the Outer Court by the imperial court of Song, which in part bestowed the Outer Court the authority to intervene in eunuchs’ personnel administration and made the group of eunuchs show the distinct characteristic of in and out of palace and court.As a result, the eunuchs from palace could maintain their independence and at the same time be interlaced with officials from the Outer Court in personnel system.As far as administration was concerned, eunuchs from palace and officials from the Outer Court could work together and restricted each other.
出处
《史学月刊》
CSSCI
北大核心
2023年第1期33-46,共14页
Journal of Historical Science
关键词
宋代
宦官
品阶
宫朝关系
Song Dynasty
Eunuchs
Rank Structure
Relationship between Palace and Court
作者简介
丁义珏,历史学博士,苏州大学社会学院历史系副教授。江苏,苏州,215123。
