摘要
古代汉语中没有女性第三人称代词的专用字,现代汉语女性第三人称代词专用字的出现及其形音的厘定主要与对译外文女性第三人称代词和书面表达明晰性的需求有关。“她”与“他”读音相同且形体相似,并有相同偏旁内在的表意提示,决定了“她”比“伊”“”等字具有更高的可识性和可接受度。用“她”与“他”区分性别,符合文字构件分布的家族相似性,符合汉字模因的认知心理,符合人类认知的范畴化理论。“她”字的认可和流行既是中西语言交流的结果,也是口语称说与书面文字写作相契合的产物。这为语言规划提供了如下启示:文字的创造或借用要以刚需或实用为前提,要符合人们的认知心理,文字形式要便于记写且有广泛的群众基础,语音的规定要考虑人们的称说习惯。
The emergence and use of the written forms of the third-person pronouns in Chinese for the female is a topic of considerable concern in the academia.However,scholars have not studied the following issues with a systematic and macroscopic view.The first is the reasons why the character“她(ta)”eventually replace“伊(yi)”and“(tuo)”and became the female third-person pronoun in Chinese.The second is to determine its form and sound,and the third,the exploration of its enlightenment effect.Ancient Chinese did not have special characters for female third-person pronouns.The appearance of female third-person pronouns in modern Chinese and the determination of their forms and pronunciation are mainly related to the need for translating female third-person pronouns in foreign languages and the clarity of written expression.It is of theoretical and practical value in analyzing the problems that occur when translating female third-person pronouns into Chinese,exploring the writing forms and pronunciation of Chinese female third-person pronouns as well as their determination mechanism,and reflecting on their significance in translating foreign languages into Chinese and language planning.In the Late Qing Dynasty,English became one of the Western languages exerting great influence upon Chinese.The third-person pronouns such as he/she/it in English were used to signify the masculine,feminine and neutral.The writing and pronunciation vary with different genders,thus it was difficult for“she”and“it”to be translated into Chinese.“他”,“伊”,“”,“他女”were used to refer to female third-person pronouns in the vernacular materials at the end of the Qing Dynasty and the beginning of the Republic of China.This kind of chaotic writing forms caused many inconveniences for translating foreign languages into Chinese and the creative writing in Chinese vernacular.In the May Fourth Period,the need for translating foreign languages into Chinese or vice versa,the call of the times for new literary creation and the requirement for the clarity of the third person gender indication,all have objectively promoted the differentiation of the Chinese third person pronoun.This paper argues that there are two basic reasons why the character“她”has finally become a standard third-person character for women.Firstly,“她”and“他(ta for man)”can effectively distinguish genders by the semantic components in the form of characters,which conforms to the family similarity of the distribution of character components,to the cognitive psychology of Chinese character memes,to the categorization theory of human cognition,and are easy to recognize and remember in writing.Therefore,using“他”and“她”to express the corresponding male and female is easy to be understood and accepted.The forms of“伊”and“”are so different from that of“他”,so that it is difficult to associate them with female third-person pronouns.The word“伊”is mainly used in the coastal Hokkien language in a small area.It refers not only to people but also to objects,and it is hard to know whether“伊”means a woman without the context.As a newly-created character,“”lacks mass foundation and is difficult to deduce its meaning.Secondly,as to the pronunciation,“她”and“他”have the same pronunciation,which has not changed people’s listening and speaking habits,while there is a big difference in the pronunciation between“伊”and“[女它]”.The sudden change of the pronunciation can put the populace at a loss and even causes resistance sentiment.The similarity of pronunciation and form,together with the inner meaning hint of the same side,determines that“她”is more recognizable and acceptable than“伊”and“”.To sum up,the paper concludes that the emergence,recognition and popularity of the Chinese female third-person pronoun“她”is not only the result of the communication between Chinese and Western languages,but also the combination of oral and written forms of language.The definition of the form and pronunciation of the Chinese female third-person pronoun“她”indicates that whether borrowing or creating words should be based on whether they are just needed or practical,and should accord with people’s cognitive psychology,the writing form should be easy to remember and write,the rules of phonetics should consider people’s habit of saying and greeting,and the characters expressing a certain concept should have broad mass basis.
作者
谢俊涛
Xie Juntao(School of Chinese Language and Literature,Shandong Normal University,Ji’nan 250014,China)
出处
《浙江大学学报（人文社会科学版）》
CSSCI
北大核心
2022年第6期112-119,共8页
Journal of Zhejiang University:Humanities and Social Sciences
基金
国家社会科学基金重点项目(21AYY005)。
关键词
汉语
第三人称代词
她
字形
读音
语言规划
Chinese
third-person pronoun
ta(她)
written form
pronunciation
language planning
作者简介
谢俊涛(https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0561-9860),男,山东师范大学文学院副教授,文学博士,主要从事汉字职用学、汉语词汇史研究。
