摘要
微塑料是直径<5 mm的塑料物质,是环境中广泛分布的持久性污染物,对人类和其他生物的健康造成威胁.综述微塑料的危害、污染现状及组成来源、在食品和化工产品中的赋存现状,并着重探讨化工产品及环境中微塑料的防控.微塑料对生物体具有直接危害,同时在环境中释放塑料添加剂,并吸附环境中的其他污染物形成复合污染.微塑料在水、大气及土壤中普遍存在,在海洋、河流及大气中的迁移作用较强.微塑料按照来源可分为初生微塑料和次生微塑料.化工产品是初生微塑料的重要来源,根据具体情况可以对其含有的微塑料采用禁用、使用替代物质、调整添加量等方式控制,也可以通过产品替代控制使用.根据环境中微塑料的污染情况,可组合使用物理、化学和生物的治理技术,重点使用包含酶、微生物或二者组合的生物修复技术对散布于水和土壤中的微塑料进行治理.目前,角质酶和Ideonella sakaiensis 201-F6菌可以有效降解聚酯类塑料,而对于聚烯烃类及其他塑料,现有微生物及酶的降解效率低,降解机制尚不清楚.检测方法、分布特征、使用情况及防控方案将是应对化工产品中微塑料问题的研究重点;实现常温下有效降解芳香族聚酯类塑料,发掘能有效降解聚烯烃类塑料的微生物和酶,解析相关的分子机制,将是生物修复微塑料的研究方向;保证生物修复技术的安全性是其应用的前提.
Plastic particles(diameter<5 mm)are defined as microplastics(MPs),which are persistent pollutants that are widely distributed in the environment,threatening the health of humans and other organisms.This study reviewed the hazards,pollution,constituents and sources,and occurrence of MPs in food and chemical products and emphasized their prevention and control in chemical products and the environment.In addition to direct harm to organisms,MPs can release plastic additives to the environment and absorb other pollutants in the environment,resulting in compound pollution.MPs are ubiquitous in the water,atmosphere,and soil.The migration of MPs in seas,rivers,and the atmosphere is intense.MPs can be divided into primary and secondary MPs according to their sources.Chemical products are the primary source of MPs.According to the specific situation,using MPs in chemical products can be controlled by forbidding,using substitutes,and adjusting the amount added.The use of MPs can also be controlled by product substitution.According to the pollution,physical,chemical,and biological techniques can be combined to deal with MP pollution in the environment.Bioremediation techniques,including enzymes,microorganisms,or a combination of the two,are preferred for the treatment of MPs dispersed in water and soil.Currently,cutinase and Ideonella sakaiensis 201-F6 can degrade polyester MPs effectively;however,microorganisms and enzymes cannot effectively degrade polyalkene and other plastics,and the degradation mechanisms are not fully understood.Finally,this study highlighted that the detection method,distribution characteristics,usage,and control plans of MPs in chemical products will become the research focus to manage the use of MPs in chemical products,degrading aryl polyester plastics at normal temperatures,and discovering new microorganisms and enzymes to effectively degrade polyalkene plastics.Moreover,elucidating the molecular mechanisms will be the main research focus for the biological remediation of MPs;assuring the safety of techniques is the foundation of biological remediation techniques.
作者
凌小芳
谢天
李铭
吴宇
LING Xiaofang;XIE Tian;LI Ming;WU Yu(Chengdu Institute of Product Quality Inspection Co.Ltd.,Chengdu 610199,China;Key Laboratory of Environmental and Applied Microbiology of Chinese Academy of Sciences,Chengdu Institute of Biology,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Chengdu 610041,China;Key Laboratory of Environmental Microbiology of Sichuan Province,Chengdu Institute of Biology,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Chengdu 610041,China)
出处
《应用与环境生物学报》
CAS
CSCD
北大核心
2021年第4期1110-1118,共9页
Chinese Journal of Applied and Environmental Biology
基金
四川省中央引导地方发展专项项目(2020ZYD024)资助。
关键词
微塑料
化工产品
环境污染
防控策略
生物修复
microplastic
chemical product
environmental pollution
prevention and control strategy
bioremediation
作者简介
通讯作者:谢天,(E-mail:xietian@cib.ac.cn)。
