摘要
合作义务认为,争端当事国不仅仅有提交证据的权利和自由,同时也有义务尽可能与国际法院和其他当事国合作,提供充分的证据,以确定案件事实。合作义务的提出一定程度上是为了缓解国际法院权力与当事国主权的张力。但目前对于违反合作义务的行为并不存在明确的惩罚措施:国际法院并非必须对拒绝提供证据的一方当事国进行不利推定;拒绝提供证据亦不影响举证责任分配;但可能允许另一当事国更加自由地使用间接证据和事实推论,一定程度上有利于其举证责任的达成。尽管如此,此种做法具有必然性和合理性,实践中合作义务发挥的作用不容小觑。
According to the duty to cooperate,the parties to a dispute not only enjoy the right and freedom to submit evidence,but also assume an obligation,to the extent possible,to cooperate with the international tribunals and other parties and provide sufficient evidence to establish the facts of the case.The duty to cooperate is proposed in part to ease the tension between the authorities of the International Court of Justice and the sovereignty of the parties.However,there is currently no penalty for violation of duty to cooperate.The Court is not obliged to make an adverse inference upon refusal of one party to submit evidence requested by the Court.Neither could such refusal affects the allocation of the burden of proof between the parties.However,the other party would be allowed a more liberal recourse to circumstantial evidence and inference,and this is to some extent conducive to the other party’s burden of proof.Nevertheless,the above approach has inevitability and reasonableness.In practice,the duty to cooperate plays an important role.
出处
《国际法学刊》
2021年第3期101-126,158,共27页
Journal of International Law
关键词
合作义务
证据提交
不利推定
举证责任
间接证据
duty to cooperate
submission of evidence
adverse inference
burden of proof
circumstantial evidence
作者简介
刘韵清,中国人民大学法学院博士研究生,中国南海研究协同创新中心研究员。
