摘要
石窟前部空间有前庭和前廊两部分,从营造工程的角度看,前庭是在斩山阶段形成的露天空间,而前廊则是开窟时在主室前营造的半开放型空间。北朝洞窟前廊多做仿木构窟檐,但龙门石窟北朝仅见有顶无柱的形式,较为简单,至唐代则普遍可见内凹型前部空间。这一空间形态,由于没有任何木构元素,容易忽略其与北朝仿木构前廊的关联,但通过其营造过程的分析,结合天龙山石窟从窟檐前廊向前部内凹空间的演化,可知其为仿木构窟檐空间的意象化表达,是一种简化的空间形式。其在龙门北魏洞窟中即已见端倪,在同时期其它石窟中也偶见,至唐代广为流行,在功能上起过渡引入和遮护作用。龙门北魏至唐,均采用简化的前廊空间,较为特殊,反映了石窟空间营造的多样性和历史发展的复杂性。
Front yard and front porch are two basic spaces in front of the caves. From the perspective of construction, front yard is an open space formed in the stage of mountain-cutting, and front porch is a half-open space built in front of the main chamber in the stage of cave-digging. Front yard is composed of main wall, side wall and platform, which jointly reflect the construction scale and the mountain conditions before the excavation of the cave. As for the Northern Dynasties caves, front porch was normally constructed with an eave to imitate wooden structure, however only a relatively simple form is find in Longmen Grottoes, which does not comprise columns, only eaves. In Tang Dynasty, concave-shaped front space was more common, and because it contains no wooden structure element, it is easy to ignore its connection with the wooden-structure-imitating front porch of the Northern Dynasty. However, analysis of the construction process of the concave-shaped front space suggests that it was deliberately excavated after the formation of the main wall during the mountain-cutting. Moreover, the cases of Tianlongshan Grottoes show the evolution from the wooden-structureimitating cave eave to the concave-shaped front space, which reveals that the latter is a simplified and imagery expression of the former. The concave-shaped front space emerged in the caves of the Northern Wei Dynasty in Longmen, and was occasionally seen in other grottoes of the same period. In the Tang Dynasty It became popular.From the functional point of view, both the front yard and front porch play the role of space transition and introduction, and the two spaces were gradually arranged into the overall plan of the setting of statues and the arrangement of worship. In addition, the front porch also functioned as shelter. On the whole, the simplified front porch space was widely adopted in Longmen from the Northern Wei Dynasty to the Tang Dynasty, which was a special phenomenon compared to Yungang, Xiangtangshan, Tianlongshan and Maijishan Grottoes. It shows that the development of the front space of the grottoes did not directly correspond to the development of wooden architecture and the evolution of the Sinicization of grottoes. From this point of view, Longmen Grottoes is an unique case, which notifies us the diversity of grotto construction and the complexity of historical background.
出处
《四川文物》
北大核心
2020年第6期43-53,共11页
Sichuan Cultural Relics
基金
国家社会科学基金青年项目“中原地区石窟崖面与窟前建筑研究”(项目编号:18CKG021)。
关键词
龙门石窟
前庭
前廊
仿木构窟檐
内凹型前部空间
Longmen Grottoes
front yard
front porch
Cave eave imitating wooden structure
Concave-shaped front space
