摘要
暴恐案件自身的特点决定了刑事诉讼中证据问题之特殊性。当前,暴恐案件侦查取证及证据运用呈现出一些典型问题:一是恐怖活动组织和人员的认定,不同认定模式影响到认定活动中的证据与证明;二是刑讯逼供的合法性,口供的重要性及获取困难使对“酷刑”的认识发生变化,这同人权保障诉讼理念产生冲突;三是证人是否应出庭作证,对证人保护的需要同证据法的直接言词原则或传闻证据规则相抵牾;四是技术侦查(电子监控)的规制,暴恐案件监控范围的扩张带来持续争议,通过电子监控收集情报信息、证据材料受到社会的质疑。这些问题可通过暴恐案件证据制度特殊性的影响因素得到说明,实质表现为制度背后的多元价值冲突。我国暴恐案件证据制度构建应立基于“兼顾”与“平衡”的理念,在“适当放宽”原则下构建证据规则体系及其证明标准,具体可以从几个方面着力:第一,适当调整证据收集有关法律规定,适当放宽证据收集方法上的限制,同时适度克减犯罪嫌疑人的诉讼权利;第二,适度调整非法证据排除规则,对刑讯逼供取得的口供仍强制排除,而以威胁、引诱、欺骗方法取得的口供,以及非法获取口供衍生的实物证据一般不排除;第三,调整完善证人出庭作证相关制度,在坚持直接言词原则基础上,侦查人员(卧底警察)、线人原则上免于出庭,并完善证人特别保护制度和建立“污点证人”作证豁免制度;第四,构建反恐情报证据转化制度,可借鉴国外经验采用直接使用和间接转化两种方式,创新平衡秘密性与公开性的证据转化折中措施;第五,适当调整证明责任和证明标准,适当加重暴恐案件被告人证明责任,注重特殊情形下“推定”的运用,适度降低认罪认罚暴恐案件量刑事实的证明标准。在证据制度构建基本路径上,可先以司法解释形式对暴恐案件证据制度规则作出统一规定,再逐步将成熟的重要内容纳入法律或为相关领域新的司法解释出台奠定基础。
The characteristics of violent terrorism cases determine the particularity of evidence problems in criminal proceedings.At present,there are some typical problems in investigating,collecting and using evidence in violent terrorism cases.The first problem is the identification of terrorist organizations and personnel because different identification modes affect the evidence and proof in identification activities.The second problem is the legality of extorting confessions by torture,and the importance and difficulty of obtaining confessions change the understanding of“cruel torture”,which has conflict with the litigation concept of human rights protection.The third problem is the attendance or non-attendance of witnesses,and the need for witness protection contradicts with the direct and verbal principles or hearsay evidence rule of evidence law.The fourth problem is the regulation of technical investigation(electronic monitoring),and the expansion of the monitoring scope of violent terrorism cases has brought about continuous disputes,meanwhile,the collection of intelligence and evidence materials through electronic monitoring has been questioned by the society.These problems can be explained by the influencing factors of the particularity of the evidence system in violent terrorism cases,and its essence is the multi-value conflict behind the evidence system.The construction of Chinese evidence system in violent terrorism cases should be based on the concept of“Giving consideration to two or more things”and“Balance”and it is advisable to construct rule system of evidence and standard of proof under the principle of“appropriate relaxation”.The specific contents of the construction include these aspects:First,the relevant laws and regulations on evidence collection should be adjusted appropriately,the restrictions on the methods of evidence collection should be relaxed appropriately,and the litigation rights of criminal suspects should be reduced appropriately.Second,the exclusionary rule should be adjusted appropriately,and the confessions obtained by extorting confessions by torture should still be excluded,while the confessions obtained by threatening,luring and deceiving,as well as the physical evidence obtained by obtaining confessions illegally should not be excluded.Third,the relevant system for witnesses to testify in court should be adjusted and perfected,and on the basis of adhering to the direct and verbal principles,investigators(undercover cop)and informers should be excused from court,and the special protection system of witnesses should be improved,and the exemption system for tainted witnesses should be established.Fourth,the system of evidence transformation of anti-terrorism intelligence should be established,and there are two ways of direct use and indirect transformation by learning from foreign experience,and the compromise measures of evidence transformation that balance the secrecy and openness should be innovated.Fifth,the proof burden and proof standard should be adjusted appropriately,such as increasing the proof burden of the defendants of violent terrorism cases appropriately,paying attention to the application of“presumption”in special circumstances,and reducing the proof standard of the fact of sentencing in the violent terrorism cases of admission of guilty and acceptance of punishment appropriately.On the basic path of evidence system construction,uniform criminal evidence system and rules of violent terrorism cases should be formulated in the form of judicial interpretation,and then,the mature and important contents should be incorporated into the law or lay the foundation for the formulation of new judicial interpretations in relevant fields gradually.
作者
谢波
XIE Bo(Criminal Investigation School,Southwest University of Political Science and Law,Chongqing 401120,China)
出处
《四川轻化工大学学报（社会科学版）》
CSSCI
北大核心
2020年第4期21-44,共24页
Journal of Sichuan University of Science & Engineering：Social Sciences Edition
基金
教育部人文社会科学研究青年项目(19YJC820033)。
关键词
暴恐案件
恐怖主义犯罪
刑事证据
证据制度
侦查取证
司法证明
violent terrorism case
terrorist crime
criminal evidence
evidence system
investigation and evidence collection
judicial proof
作者简介
谢波,博士,副教授,E-mail:xbylgt@sina.com。
