摘要
近年来,大量的原始塑料微球和次生的塑料碎片或颗粒进入水环境,潜在危害水生生物健康和生态系统安全。微塑料在环境中难以降解,可在水体、沉积物等环境介质中长期存在,并在水生生物体内积累,成为人们高度关注的海洋环境问题之一。一方面,微塑料在降解过程中释放出单体化合物、塑料添加剂等有毒有害成分;另一方面,微塑料由于粒径小、比表面积大,可吸附水体中的有机化合物,增强有机污染物对生物的毒性效应。本文参考近年最新发表的有关水环境中微塑料的分布状况、生物毒性等方面的研究论文,对微塑料的来源及其在海水、淡水、沉积物、水生生物体内等不同介质中的分布进行了梳理,并分别讨论了微塑料对浮游植物、浮游动物、贝类、鱼类、珊瑚和胚胎幼体等不同受试生物的毒性效应,发现微塑料在鱼类体内具有明显的积累现象,且对海洋生物的胚胎发育具有相对敏感的毒性效应,最后针对海洋环境中微塑料污染问题提出了控制对策。
In the recent years,much raw plastic microspheres and secondary plastic fragments or particles entered the freshwater and seawater environments,which potentially threatens the health of aquatic organisms and the safety of ecosystems.These microplastic particles,<5 mm,can remain in the environmental media such as water and sediment for a long time due to the characteristics of difficult decomposition,and accumulate in the stomach of aquatic organisms.Therefore,microplastic pollution becomes a hot issue for marine environment research.Microplastics not only release monomer compounds,plastic additives and other toxic components in the degradation process,but also adsorb organic compounds from water because of small particle size and large specific surface area,thus enhancing the toxic effects of organic pollutants on organisms.In this review,the distribution statuses of microplastics in the environmental media such as seawater,freshwater,sediments,organisms are summarized,referring to the latest research papers on the pollution and toxic effects of microplastics in the water environments.Meanwhile,the toxicological effects of microplastics on phytoplankton,zooplankton,shellfish and embryonic larvae are also discussed in this paper.Comparative results indicate that marine organisms such as fishes could obviously accumulate microplastics,and embryonic development of some marine animals is relatively sensitive to microplastic exposure.Finally,we propose some strategies to control the pollution of microplastics in marine environments.
作者
李爱峰
李方晓
邱江兵
闫晨
柳超
孟范平
李正炎
李瑾
郎印海
胡泓
LI Ai-Feng;LI Fang-Xiao;QIU Jiang-Bing;YAN Chen;LIU Chao;MENG Fan-Ping;LI Zheng-Yan;LI Jin;LANG Yin-Hai;HU Hong(College of Environmental Science and Engineering,Ocean University of China,Qingdao 266100,China;Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology,Ministry of Education,Ocean University of China,Qingdao 266100,China;College of Fisheries,Ocean University of China,Qingdao 266003,China)
出处
《中国海洋大学学报（自然科学版）》
CAS
CSCD
北大核心
2019年第10期88-100,共13页
Periodical of Ocean University of China
基金
教育部高校基本科研业务费项目(201841003)资助~~
关键词
微塑料
污染现状
环境分布
毒性效应
控制对策
microplastics
pollution status
environmental distribution
toxicological effect
control strategy
作者简介
李爱峰(1978-),男,教授,博导。E-mail:lafoul@ouc.edu.cn。
