摘要
"国家性"是一个涵义多端的复杂概念,19世纪下半叶出现在俄国工人运动理论家的文献中,随后在俄国境内外得到了广泛运用。作为一个法政概念,"国家性"的涵义一开始主要与"国家"概念类似,但是在俄国保守主义者那里却被赋予了神性色彩,体现了俄罗斯历史发展的特殊性。"国家性"既是一个内核相对稳定的概念,又是一个发展变迁的概念;它既源于基本政治制度的历史架构,也源于以意识形态和理念为核心的精神结构。历史上的基辅罗斯是一个松散的贵族共和国联盟,但是鞑靼蒙古人的入侵破坏了它的政治系统,将王公-贵族-教会-谓彻所组成的四元结构转变为单一的王公专制独裁结构。绵延的世袭制传统、东正教中的神性因素以及在此基础上形成的最高权力与民众的心理结构,共同服务于专制统治的合法性,构成了俄罗斯国家性的精神层面。俄罗斯政治转型主要在于由专制政治向现代政治过渡,其关键是重构国家性,使传统国家性蜕变为现代国家性。
"Statehood" is a complex concept with many meanings. It appeared in the literature of Russian workers’ movement theorists in the second half of the 19 th century, and then it was widely used both inside and outside Russia. As a concept in law and politics, the meaning of "statehood", at the beginning, is similar to that of the "state". Nevertheless, it was endowed with divinity among Russian conservatives, reflecting the particularity of Russian historic evolution."Statehood" is a concept with relatively stable connotation and ever-developing denotation. It originates not only from the historic structure of the basic political system, but also from the spiritual structure centered on ideology and ideas. In history, Kiev Rus was a loose alliance of aristocratic republics, but the invasion of Tartar Mongolians destroyed its political system, transforming the quaternary structure composed of princes, aristocrats, churches and veche(assembly) into a single autocratic monarchy structure. The continuing hereditary tradition, divine elements in the Orthodox Church, the highest power and the psychological structure of the people formed the spiritual aspect of Russian statehood, serving together the legitimacy of autocratic rules. Russia’s political transformation mainly lies in the transition from autocratic politics to modern politics. The key is to reconstruct its statehood and transform from traditional national characters into modern ones.
出处
《俄罗斯研究》
CSSCI
北大核心
2019年第2期33-66,共34页
Russian Studies
关键词
俄国特殊论
“国家性”
现代政治
“普京主义”
Theories Holding Russia’s Particularity
"Statehood"
Modern Politics
"Putin Doctrines"
作者简介
张昊琦,中国社会科学院俄罗斯东欧中亚研究所研究员。
