摘要
清人袁枚认为书院得名于唐代的丽正、集贤书院,并指出其在当时尚不具备教学的功能,不失为知言。而后人赖以证明丽正、集贤书院具有教学活动的史料,多半都经不起推敲。其中《选集贤学士敕》乃是《准太学生徒支给厨米敕》的误传;而裴耀卿的观书感言则是文人学士之间的酬酢之作,并非实录。由此可知,丽正、集贤书院与后代书院的关系,不在其实,而在其名。由已知的史料,可以确立一个假说,即"书院"最初乃是"修书院"的简称。这一简称深受文人学士的喜好,并将其作为自己及友朋的书斋、书室之名。"书院"因而得以从朝廷走向民间,最终成为了教书育人的文教机构。
Yuan Mei, a reputable literate in Qing Dynasty(1644-1911) asserted that the term of ' 书院(shuyuan,academy)' was originated in the two academies--'丽正书院(Lizheng Shuyuan)' and '集贤书院(Jixian Shuyuan)' in Tang Dynasty(618-907). Furthermore, he pointed out that both Lizheng Shuyuan and Jixian Shuyuan were not educational institutions by then, which is really a piece of reliable knowledge. The records which were used by later scholars to testify these two academies' educational function were not persuasive. First of all, there were no official records of teaching activities in Jixian Shuyuan according to the Jiu Tangshu(旧唐书). After reviewing Tangdai Zhaochi Mulu(唐代诏敕目录) and Cefu Yuangui(册府元龟), we find that the so-called Imperial Edict on Selecting Xueshi(学士, student) of Jixian(集贤), issued in the second year of Guangde(广德) during the Daizong's reign, which was included in Tang Daozhaoling Ji(唐大诏令集) was a misrecord; the edict was in fact the Imperial Edict on Granting Rice to Students of the Grand School, and the words therein of selecting students was of course meant for the Grand School(太学). Secondly, Pei Yaoqing's reflections on his reading collected in Tang Yulin(唐语林) were merely literary creation meant for exchanges between scholars, which can not be taken literally as reliable records; the term of 'Xueshi(学士) ' was actually a general term for the staff of or visitors to Jixian Shuyuan. This usage of the term, common in literary works of scholars of that era, can thus be corroborated by poems of Jixian Xueshi(集贤学士) Zhang Yue, Zhang Jiuling and Yuan Qianyao. Therefore, both Lizheng and Jixian Academy were not teaching institutions, which were quite different from later period's academies. However, the term of '书院'(shuyuan, academy) really originated in these two academies. In other words, the term '书院' in later periods was inherited from the two academies--丽正书院(Lizheng Shuyuan) and 集贤书院(Jixian Shuyuan). In addition, a hypothesis that the term '书院' was a simplification of '修书院(xiushuyuan)', an official book compilation agency of the Tang Dynasty, can be made based on available historical data. This simplification was so valued and popular at that time that many literates named their studies after it, which brought significant as well as far-reaching changes. So the term '书院' was gradually spread from the imperial court to the society, and ultimately transformed into unofficial educational institutions. Through analyzing historical literature, the initial appearance is found in the name of '丽正书院(Lizheng Shuyuan)', whose official designation was '丽正修书院(Lizheng Xiushuyuan)' at first. In its official name, '院(yuan, compound)' is an official agency, and '修书(xiushu, book compiling)' is a modifier of the core noun of '院', indicating its function. People then shortened '修书院' as '书院' for convenience. This shortened name is not only convenient, but also conveys an elegant and dignified image. And it was thus cherished by literati, and gradually became the esteemed name for '修书院'. Literati and officialdom preferred to borrow the term '书院' to name their studies at that time and studios, so that its sense was expanded from the official book compilation agency to the place where Confucian scholars could do culture-related activities. Eventually it evolved into the cultural and educational institution.
出处
《大学教育科学》
CSSCI
北大核心
2016年第1期63-67 126,126,共6页
University Education Science
基金
湖南省研究生科研创新项目"思想史视野中的乾嘉学风"(CX2014B166)
