摘要
法国五六十年代所掀起的结构主义思潮,很大程度上被定义为建立在索绪尔语言学理论基础上的新哲学,列维-斯特劳斯的人类学因而也被奉为结构主义社会哲学的典范。然而近年来,以德贡布为首的一些学者对于这一被公认的定义和列氏的这一经典地位提出了质疑,并从莫斯的社会学、泰尼埃的语言学以及奥尔蒂格的语言和宗教哲学中,发展出另一种结构主义理论,由此在当今法国哲学界生发了一场结构主义论争。以结构主义的基础定义来看,列氏的人类学是一种"二元符号结构主义"。它作为社会哲学具有如下局限性:1.二元对立关系并不能涵盖所有的社会关系,并且,它有令道德关系退化为自然关系的危险。2.列氏的反主体哲学立场恰恰证明他没有摆脱实体主义的主体概念。这使得"主体"被排斥于社会现实之外。从"赠送"的语法特征出发,可将德贡布的结构理论定义为"三元话语结构主义",它不可还原为二元结构主义,因为:1.三元结构揭示出所有社会关系的间接性。2.它是话语行动的结构而不是符号系统的结构。通过对于话语主体的结构性的揭示,德贡布完成了主体哲学从实体主义向结构主义的过渡,这恰恰是他在社会哲学上取得的突破:对于三元结构的习得令我们同时成为话语主体和社会行动主体,这是任何社会关系的建构条件。
The structuralist movement which dominated in France during the fifties and sixties is commonly defined as a new philosophy based on Saussure＇s linguistic theory,and Lévi-Strauss＇ s anthropology is in this way considered as the very example of structural social philosophy. Recently however,scholars in France such as Vincent Descombes began to query this common definition and Lévi-Strauss＇ s classical status. Descombes,notably,develops a new structuralist theory from Mauss＇ s sociology,Tesnière＇s linguistics and Ortigues＇ s philosophy of language and religion. A quarrel of structuralisms arises therefore in France.In this paper,the author will make an analysis of this quarrel with regard to questions such as social relation,social subject and social action, explain the radical difference between Lévi-Strauss＇ s structuralism and that of Descombes,and show how the latter can shed light on fundamental questions of social philosophy.For those purposes,I will first show,on the basis of a general definition of ＂structuralism＂,that Lévi-Strauss＇ s anthropology is a very specific structuralism： a binary one. As a social philosophy,it has the following insufficiencies.1） The binary opposition cannot characterize all social relations,and it runs the risk of turning moral relations into physical ones. 2） Lévi-Strauss＇ s position against the philosophy of the subject just proves that he did not get rid of the substantialist concept of the subject. Thus,he rejected the subject out of social reality.I will then,based on linguistic features of the ＂gift ＂,define Descombes＇ s theory as the ＂triadic discursive structuralism＂,and prove in two respects that it cannot be reduced to the binary structuralism. 1） The triadic structure reveals the intermediary nature of all social relations. 2） It is the structure of speech acts and not of semiotic systems.By showing the structural essence of the subject of speech,Descombes accomplishes the structuralist turn of the philosophy of the subject,which is precisely his contribution to social philosophy： the acquisition of the triadic structure turns us into both subject of speech and subject of action. That is the condition sine qua non for constructing any social relation.
出处
《复旦学报（社会科学版）》
CSSCI
北大核心
2015年第5期20-28,共9页
Fudan Journal（Social Sciences）
关键词
结构主义
社会哲学
符号
话语
社会主体
社会关系
社会行动
structuralism
social philosophy
sign
speech
social subject
social relation
social action
作者简介
谢晶，哲学博士，复旦大学哲学学院讲师。
