摘要
心理机制之所以表现出现在的形式,是因为它曾在进化历史长河中,成功地解决了许多反复出现的有关生存与繁衍的适应性问题。运用进化心理学研究旅游现象及其行为就成为旅游研究的起点。旅游世界与原始世界存在共同特征,旅游心理事实上发挥着远古适应器的功能,旅游活动则实现了人类心灵的回归。文章在构建旅游"适应器—环境"响应模型的前提下,通过分析认为,旅游异地性与暂时性的特点类似于远古的生产生活,旅游追求愉悦的本质是心理适应器进化的结果,旅游体验的目的是为了获得认同感和炫耀,良性自虐是旅游的显著特征之一。以进化心理学为视角的旅游研究,不仅有助于拓宽旅游研究体系的时空范畴,也赋予了旅游更为深远的人类学意义。
Evolutionary psychology holds that the form of the psychological mechanism as it appears today was influenced by adaptability in solving problems related to survival and reproduction, which appear repeatedly along the evolutionary history of humanity. Human behavior is the result of the interaction between the psychological mechanism and the environment. The human mind＇ s evolutionary history is the key to understanding today＇ s psychological mechanism. Using the evolutionary psychology paradigm to analyze the nature and characteristics of tourism, this paper aims to establish a bridge between the ancient （ ＂original＂ ） world, the ＂life＂ world, and the ＂travel＂ world. We can adopt evolutionary psychology＇s point of view and methods to analyze tourism phenomenon and behavior. Based on the method of evolutionary psychology function analysis, a model of the ＂tourism response mechanism adapting to the environment＂ was built. A comparison revealed some very significant characteristics. The tourism world and the original world share common features. The adaptation device is developed for the purpose of survival and reproduction, so it still plays a role in modern civilization. This occurrence is the most fundamental aspect of tourism＇ s nature and character. In fact, the psychology of the tourist plays into an ancient adaptation function. The apparent contradiction between ancient adaptation and the modern environment leads to travel. The tourism environment differs from the life environment, so the tourism environment is completely unfamiliar and plays the role of the original world. The travel world arises from the role of the adaptation mechanism in today＇ s times ; it is the escape from the life world. Tourist activities make it possible to return to the original world of the human psyche. The analyses lead to several conclusions. First, the pursuit of pleasure, which we refer to as ＂the essence of tourism,＂ is the evolutionary result of the mental adaptation device. Worldly happiness is closely related to survival, but at the same time, aesthetic pleasure indicates the human pursuit of a suitable environment and the health of body and mind. Second, one purpose of the tourism experience is to obtain approval and aggrandize oneself. The concept of identity or an identity crisis could prompt a person to travel. Tourism is a ritual to achieve identity. Identity is developed through imitation, conflicts and communication during tourism, role play, and other similar actions. Third, long distances and the transience of the tourism experience simulate the ancient survival environment. The behavior of tourists vacillating between their usual environment and an unfamiliar one is because of an ancient human desire to seek emotional balance. Fourth, the original impulse formed under the condition of the ancient environment does not have to be developed to handle the constraints of modern civilization. Therefore, tourists＇ weakened moral behavior is caused by the contradictions between ancient adaptation and the modern environment. Finally, benign masochism is the salient feature of tourism. The sensation of the tourism experience often lies between the two extremes of pain and pleasure. In the process of introducing evolutionary psychology into the framework of tourism research, there are still problems, such as an inability to validate, overly simplistic assumptions, and lack of explanatory power regarding cultural diversity. However, tourism research work based on evolutionary psychology will not only widen the tourism research system, but will also give more far-reaching significance to tourism anthropology.
出处
《旅游学刊》
CSSCI
2013年第9期102-108,共7页
Tourism Tribune
基金
国家社科基金(10BGL046)
重庆社科规划项目(2010YBZH55)资助~~
关键词
旅游
进化心理学
适应器
tourism
evolutionary psychology
psychological adaptation
作者简介
胡传东（1973－），男，湖北黄陂人，博士，副教授，研究方向为旅游经济管理与旅游规划设计，E—mail：hehd85@126．com。
