摘要
契丹族是一个长期生活于东北“土河”（老哈河）与“潢河”（西拉沐伦河）流域的古老民族。登国三年（388）始与中原王朝交往，七世纪末至八世纪中，通过来唐学习的酋长子弟或质子、和藩公主及侍女以及朝觐朝贡的使臣，将饮茶风习传入契丹；八世纪中至十世纪中，饮茶风习已在契丹各阶层中广泛传播；十世纪后期至1125年，饮茶已成为契丹族的生活习俗，且影响到其社会政治与民俗。其茶叶来源，初则通过馈赠、使臣与和藩公主带入；晚唐五代时，主要是通过朝贡馈赠、中原王朝进献、边境贸易、越海贸易、私人茶商以及战争掠夺；北宋时，其茶叶来源主要通过宋辽边境榷场、私人茶商贸易与宋朝的馈赠。其饮茶方式受中原地区影响，晚唐五代，以“煮茶”为主；北宋逐渐变为“点茶”为主；传入契丹的茶叶虽不乏一些名品，而主要仍是通过贸易获得江淮、两浙、荆楚之地所产的一般片茶与散茶；北宋后期，一些建州茶叶名品，亦通过榷场、私人茶商与海路输入契丹。同时，饮茶作为一种礼仪已渗透于契丹族人的宗教信仰、政治礼仪与民俗中，且形成自身的饮食文化传统。
The elan of Qidan is an old dan who lives in the drainage area of the soil river（ the old river of ha ） and the Huang river（ the river of Xilashulun）. In the Three year of Dongguo（ the year of 388）, they start to associate with the kingdom of the central plain of china. In the end of seven century to the middle period of eight century, the custom of taking tea passes into Qidan area through the children who study in Tang kingdom ,. the children who are mortgaged in Tang kingdom,the princesses who marry the tribal chief and the maid of the princesses,and the ministers who have an audience with the king of Tang kingdom; In the middle of senven century to the middle period of eight century, the custom of taking tea disseminats broaly in each stratum of the elan of Qidan; In the end of ten century to the year of 1125, taking tea not only becomes the custom of the clan of Qidan ,but also affects the polities and people＇eustom. The source of tea is through donation ,ministers and the princesses who marry the tribal chief to bring;In the end of Tang dynasty to the Five Dynasties ,the source of tea is mainly through donation ,dedication from the kingdom of the central plain of china,the frontier trade,over the sea trade,privative trade,and war to take;In North Song ,the source of tea is mainly through the market of the frontier of the kingdom of song and the king of Liao, privative trade and the donation of the North Song. The way of taking tea in Qidan area is subjected to the influence by the central plain of china. In the end of Tang to Five Dynasties,The way of taking tea is mainly by ＂boiling the tea＂ ;In North Song,the way of taking tea becomes mainly by＂ordering the tea＂ ;There are some famous tea species in Qidan area,but the tea is mainly through trade to take from Jianghuai,Liangzhe,and Jinchu ,which is the normal tea or the spreading tea ;In the ena of North Song,there are some famous tea species of Jian state through market, privative tea businessman, and the sea road to import. At the same time , taking tea not only permeates the religious belief,political rite and people＇custom as rite,but also formats its food cultural tradition.
出处
《饮食文化研究》
2006年第2期97-110,共14页
Dietetic Culture Research
关键词
契丹族
饮茶风习
礼仪风俗
the clan of Qidan
the custom of taking tea
the custom of rite
作者简介
王洪军，男，1954年生，山东郓城人，历史学博士，曲阜师范大学孔子文化学院教授，硕士生导师，主要从事中国中古社会史、中古思想史、中古经济史研究。
胡玉涵，女，1981年生，山东青岛市人，曲阜师范大学孔子文化学院专门史硕士研究生。
