摘要
本文揭著“品位分等”和“职位分等”概念 ,对传统官阶制演变大势 ,尝试提出一个五阶段的分期 :先秦的爵级命数具有浓厚的“品位分等”色彩 ;秦汉“若干石”构成的禄秩等级具有附丽于职位的鲜明特征 ;魏晋南北朝的中正品、大量品位性官衔和涉及士庶清浊的选例 ,形成“品位分等”的一个高峰 ;唐宋的阶官制度呈现为又一种“品位分等” ;明清时的品级制则又出现了向“职位分等”的一定回归。以上变迁与官僚群体的“自利取向”和“服务取向”的此消彼长密切相关。
Based on the concepts of pinwei fendeng (rank-based hierarchy) and zhiwei fendeng (post-based hierarchy) this paper attempts to divide the evolution of the traditional Chinese official ratings into five stages. The titles of nobility during the pre-Qin period were organized into a rank-based hierarchy which means that rank was directly related to pay. The official pay scale in terms of different numbers of dan (a unit of dry measure for grain, equal to 1 hecto-liter) during the Qin and Han dynasties inclined towards the post-based hierarchy. The zhongzheng pin (different ranks of expectant government post appointees) and the numerous official titles, etc. during the Wei, Jin, Northern and Southern dynasties represented a peak of the rank-based hierarchy. The system of official titles during the Tang and Song dynasties constituted another type of rank-based hierarchy. During the Ming and Qing dynasties, the system returned somewhat to the post-based hierarchy. The above changes were closely related to the bureaucratic groups' emphasis on self-interest or the interests of the state.
出处
《历史研究》
CSSCI
北大核心
2001年第2期3-14,共12页
Historical Research
