摘要
美国进步时代面临的基本困境是工业化和城市化使得原有的制度安排无法再保护美国人珍视的自由竞争和个人自由。在部分食品企业和一些官僚机构的推动下,食品安全监管被提上国会议程,但是因为来自其他企业和州政府的强烈反对,改革一再受阻。在受意识形态驱动的进步主义者特别是扒粪者的努力下,公众对食品安全现状的不满越来越强烈,最终导致国会于1906年通过两部保障食品安全的法律,明确了联邦政府对食品安全的责任,并确定了实施管制的机构、程序和管制内容。这一改革过程所体现出来的调整、妥协和寻求共识的精神,是进步时代最为珍贵的遗产。
The basic predicament of USA in the progressive era is that industrialization and urbanization makes the traditional institutions insufficient to protect the free competition and individual freedom which Americans value so much.Under the push of some food industry and bureaus,food safety regulation was initiated in the congress agenda.But the strong objection from the other food companies and state government,the initiative was frustrated again and again.With the effort of progressist,esp.Muckrakers,the dissatisfaction of the general public toward food safety gradually piled up,which leads to the two legislations in 1906.Federal government assumes the responsibility in protecting food safety.Law also specifies the agency,procedure and content of regulation.The spirit of changing,compromise and seeking consensus is the most valuable heritage of the progressive era.
出处
《公共行政评论》
2008年第2期120-143,200-201,共26页
Journal of Public Administration
基金
中山大学“985二期”国际交流项目“美国进步时代研究”资助
关键词
进步时代
食品安全
管制
改革
The Progressive Era,Food Safety,Regulation,Reform
