摘要
作为明代八股文机法派的代表人物,董其昌在文学上主张从尽法到舍法,而到达“平淡”的最高审美理想。尽法思想借用了曹洞禅宗的“四宾主”和“偏正回互”的思路,提出了讲究技巧机法、重视文章主次关系的文学理论,并总结为“九字诀”。而舍法思想则体现为掌握技巧并达到基础之后,解粘去缚,不拘常法,在法的基础上进行变化与创新,从而去除由囿于公式套路所致的习气,达到与天性相符的“平淡”境界。在明代“禅净双修”的影响下,董其昌阐发了“文字禅”与“次第论”的禅学思想,即反对“见性成佛”的观点,强调学习佛经典籍的重要性,主张循序渐进,由修而悟,这与其从“尽法”到“舍法”再到“平淡”的文学主张相一致。将董其昌的文学思想置于明代文论的脉络中看,可看出他的尽法与舍法的观点受到了唐顺之文法论和本色论的影响。而董其昌的平淡观与李贽“童心说”、公安派三袁“性灵说”等有类似之处,但较后者更为温和。
As a representative of the Eight—Legged Essay Writing school that pursue fine research techniques of the Ming Dynasty,Dong Qichang advocated moving from Exhaust method to Abandon method to the highest aesthetic ideal of“plainess”in his literature.The idea of the Exhaust method borrowed the idea of“four objects and subjects”(Si Bin Zhu)and“lean,straight,back and mutual”(Pian Zheng Hui Hu)of Zen of Cao Dong.It proposed a literary theory that focuses on the technique and the relationship between the main and secondary aspects of the text,and summed it up in the“Nine word formula”.The idea of the Exhaust method is to master the techniques and reach the basics,then to remove bonding and restraint,to change and innovate on the basis of the method,so as to remove the habits caused by being confined to the formulae and to reach a state of“plainess”in line with nature.Under the influence of the Ming Dynasty’s“dual practice of Zen and pureness”,Dong Qichang developed the Zen ideology of“Zen theory with literary”and“The Theory of Order”,he opposed the idea of“knowing the nature and becoming a Buddha”and emphasized the importance of studying Buddhist scriptures.He advocated a gradual progression from practice to understand,which was in line with his literary advocacy of moving from“exhaust method”to“abandon method”then to“plainess”.When Dong Qichang’s literary thought was seen in the context of Ming literary theory,it was clear that his views on the exhaust method and abandon method were influenced by Tang Shunzhi’s theory of Grammar and Original Character.Dong Qichang’s view of plainess is similar to Li Zhi’s“Theory of the Childlike Heart”as well as Gong An School’s“Xing Ling Theory”,but was more moderate than the latter.
出处
《古代文学理论研究》
2022年第1期416-437,共22页
Studies of Ancient Chinese Literary Theory
关键词
董其昌
平淡观
禅宗思想
明代文论
Dong Qichang
the view of plainess
the Zen thought
literary theory of Ming Dynasty
