摘要
不论是在行政处罚理论还是在行政处罚实践上,我国的行政处罚都是严格遵循过错责任原则。对于违法行为的构成要件,大家都主张违法行为主观要件上必须有过错。理论上的争论,主要还是集中在立法和实践中要不要考虑当事人的主观过错以及行政机关要不要承担当事人主观过错的举证责任。在行政处罚的立法中,我国目前很多的行政处罚条款都包含着当事人的主观过错的表述内容,有的单行立法,对当事人的主观故意有严格要求。在证据举证责任上,行政机关一直处于主导地位,负责全面公正地收集证据,包括当事人的主观过错方面的证据。所以,“过错推定”只是在有法律规定的情况下适用行政处罚的一种特殊情况,不应该作为行政处罚的一个原则。
Whether in the theory or practice of administrative penalties,Chinese government agencies strictly adheres to the principle of fault liability.It is widely accepted that subjective fault is necessary for the constitutive elements of illegal acts.Theoretical debates primarily focus on whether the subjective fault of the principals involved should be considered in legislation and practice,and whether administrative authorities should bear the burden of proof for the subjective fault of the principals.Currently,many administrative penalty clauses in China's legislation explicitly include the expression of the subjective fault of the principals,with some legislation imposing strict requirements on their subjective intent.Administrative authorities,in terms of burden of proof,have always played a leading role in the comprehensive and impartial collection of evidence,including evidence related to the subjective fault of the principals.Therefore,the“presumption of fault”should be treated as a special provision applicable only under specific legal circumstances for the application of administrative penalties,rather than a general principle governing administrative penalties.
出处
《海关法评论》
2023年第1期342-352,共11页
Review of Customs Law
关键词
海关
行政处罚
过错责任
customs
administrative penalty
liability of fault
作者简介
吴满平,横琴海关缉私分局法制科四级高级警长
