摘要
王阳明的心学涉及“心与物”“心与理”“心与事”“致良知”以及“本体与工夫”等多重方面。在心物关系上,王阳明认为“意之所在便是物”,其含义不在于以人的意识或心体在时空中构造世界,而是通过心体的外化活动(心的意向性活动)来赋予相关对象以意义,并由此形成意义世界。在心与理的关系上,王阳明以“心即理”融合两者,由此,作为普遍法则和规范的理不再表现为独立于个体的外部存在,而个体意识也扬弃了本然的形态,获得了普遍的自觉形态。王阳明所注重的“心”同时又关联着“事”的展开过程。在心学中,“事”构成了理解物、把握道的前提,并在成就人的过程中呈现本源的意义。以事成人关乎以良知为内容的德性,良知本身则既包含理性的规范,又展开为“好善恶恶”的情感认同,并以恒定之志为内容。作为综合性的意识,良知与“本体”具有相通性,“致良知”则与后天的工夫一致。“良知”和“致良知”之辩,在心学中表现为本体与工夫之间的关系。从总体上看,通过沟通“以工夫说本体”与“以本体说工夫”,王阳明肯定了本体和工夫之间的统一。
Wang Yangming’s learning of the heart-mind involves several important issues,including the heart-mind and things,the heart-mind and principle,the heart-mind and events,extending innate knowledge,and the original substance and effort(gongfu).On the first issue,Wang asserts"wherever the will is directed is a thing,"meaning that humans invest external objects with meaning through the directing of the heart-mind as the substance(the intentionality of the heart-mind),thus constructing a meaningful world,rather than that humans create the world in space and time by their consciousness or heart-mind.On the relationship between the heart-mind and principle,Wang combines the two with the proposition:"The heart-mind is principle."In this way,principle,which functions as universal laws and norms,is no longer external to the individual,and thus the individual consciousness sublates its original state and obtains self-conscious features that are universal.In Wang’s philosophy,the heart-mind is connected with the unfolding of events,where events constitute the precondition for understanding things and grasping the Way,and serve as the origin in the cultivation of human beings.The cultivation of humans through events relies on innate knowledge as the content of the virtues.Innate knowledge,as the constant guide,contains rational norms and manifests itself in the feelings of"loving good and hating evil."In the comprehensive structure of consciousness,innate knowledge is connected with the original substance,while extending innate knowledge pertains to effort.An exposition of innate knowledge and the extension of innate knowledge will clarify the relationship between the original substance and effort in the learning of the heart-mind.Generally speaking,through a combination of"elaborating the original substance through effort"and"elaborating effort through the original substance,"Wang affirms the unity of the original substance and effort.
作者
杨国荣
Hou Jian(译)
Yang Guorong;Hou Jian(the Institute for Modern Chinese Thought and Culture and the Department of Philosophy at East China Normal University;the School of Foreign Languages at Henan University)
出处
《孔学堂》
CSSCI
2022年第2期4-13,107-121,共25页
Confucian Academy
基金
2019年度国家社会科学基金重大项目“伦理学知识体系的当代中国重建”(项目批准号:19ZDA033)
江苏省“公民道德与社会风尚协同创新中心”研究项目阶段性成果
关键词
心学
心物
心与事
良知
本体与工夫
learning of the heart-mind
heart-mind
things
events
innate knowledge
original substance
effort
作者简介
杨国荣,华东师范大学中国现代思想文化研究所暨哲学系教授、博士生导师,E-mail:yangguorongecnu@163.com;Hou Jian is associate professor in the School of Foreign Languages at Henan University.
