摘要
北魏太武帝拓跋焘不曾真正信仰佛教,他对佛教的理解和需求缘于部分高僧的"神通"和道术,故灭佛并不是其长期国策。因此,所谓佛、道冲突和儒、佛冲突,以及统治北魏统治阶级内部的权力斗争,都不是拓跋焘灭佛的主因。盖吴造反及拓跋焘在长安寺中的见闻,只是刺激了灭佛的念头和行动,但其灭佛的真正原因是北魏佛教的发展与拓跋焘以儒治国的路线不协调。早期《魏书·释老志》及《高僧传》等史料的误载,造成后人对拓跋焘灭佛过程及成因尚有诸多误解。其实,拓跋焘于真君五年正月庚戌所下的诏书,并非专门针对佛教而言,而是将一切阻碍儒教立国的因素包括阴阳、谶纬、方伎之书以及巫师、沙门、金银巧匠等皆在限制或废黜之列。而真君七年的灭佛诏书,才是在天师道被悄然冷落的背景下,拓跋焘实施的真正灭佛之举,为的是效仿汉武帝,确立儒家独尊的地位。
Tuobao Tao,Emperor Taiwu of the Northern Wei Dynasty,never really believed in Buddhism.His understanding and needs of Buddhism were due to the"supernatural power"and spells of some monks,so eliminating Buddha was not his long-term national policy.Therefore,the so-called conflict between Buddhism and Taoism,the conflict between Confucianism and Buddhism,and the power struggle within the ruling class of the Northern Wei Dynasty were not the main reasons for his extermination of Buddhism.Gai Wu’s rebellion and Tuoba Tao’s experience in a temple of Chang’an only stimulated the thought and action of eliminating Buddhism,but the real reason for his eradication was that the development of Northern Wei Buddhism was not in harmony with Tuoba Tao’s line of ruling the country with Confucianism.The wrong records of the early historical materials such as Wei Shu·Shi Lao Zhi and Biography of Eminent Monks caused many misunderstandings of Tuoba Tao’s destruction of Buddhism and its causes.In fact,the imperial edict issued by Tuo Batao at Gengxu in the first month of the fifth year of Zhenjun’s rescript was not specifically for Buddhism,but rather all factors that hinder the founding of Confucianism include the books of Yinyang,Chenwei,Fangji,as well as wizards,Monks,and gold and silver Artisans were among the restrictions or abolitions.However,in the seven years of Zhenjun’s rescript,it was in the background of Tianshi Tao being quietly neglected that Tuoba Tao carried out the real act of extermination of Buddhism,in order to emulate the Emperor Hanwu and establish the Confucian status of exclusive respect.
作者
王怀成
Wang Huaicheng(School of History and Culture,Sichuan University,Chengdu Sichuan 610065;Institute of History,Sichuan Academy of Social Sciences,Chengdu Sichuan,610071)
出处
《宁夏社会科学》
CSSCI
2020年第1期158-166,共9页
NingXia Social Sciences
基金
国家社会科学基金重大项目“西夏文学文献整理与研究”(项目批准号:17ZDA264).
关键词
北魏
《魏书》
拓跋焘
灭佛
奉儒立国
Northern Wei Dynasty
Wei Shu
Tuoba Tao
extermination of Buddhism
establishment of the country based on Confucianism
作者简介
王怀成,男,四川大学历史文化学院博士后,四川省社会科学院历史研究所助理研究员,主要研究方向为魏晋南北朝史。
