摘要
从中西比较的视角看,与基于基督教文化而形成的具有显著宗教性特征的西方传统慈善文化不同,中国传统慈善文化因其根植于深厚的农耕文化土壤,自其产生之初即带有明显的世俗性特征。在经历了西周至战国时期的上古起源之后,秦汉至隋唐时期的中古演化加入了部分佛教因素,随后的三教合流使之重归于世俗性特征,而于宋朝形成一种新的世俗性慈善,其影响及于明清甚至民国。由于宋朝适逢唐宋变革期,宋朝即近世之开端。元代承接宋朝影响,下启明清。因此,发端于宋朝、递嬗于元代的这一慈善可以命名为近世慈善。对此,本文从宋朝国家-社会关系调整导致的社会自组织视角出发,将近世慈善的兴起视为民间社会实现自组织目标的集体行动,并紧扣这一时期慈善活动的两大主体——士人群体与富民群体的兴变转合过程,来观察这一时期慈善活动的宏观脉络。大体而言,随着士人群体与富民群体的兴起,北宋时期为近世慈善的兴起期;随着士人群体的地方性转变与富民群体的分化,南宋时期为近世慈善的活跃期;随着士人群体与富民群体的分合转化,元朝时期为近世慈善的递嬗期。
From a comparative perspective,the Chinese traditional charity culture is different from the western traditional charity culture.The former is rooted in the deep soil of agricultural culture and thus with obvious secular characteristics since its emergence;the latter is based on Christian culture and thus with obvious religious characteristics.After the ancient origins of Chinese traditional charity culture from the Western Zhou Dynasty to the Warring States Period,some Buddhist elements were added to the charity culture from the Qin and Han dynasties to the Sui and Tang dynasties,and later the subsequent integration of the three religions brought back secular characteristics to the charity culture.In the Song Dynasty,a new kind of secular charity formed,and its influence extended to the Ming and Qing Dynasties and even the Republic of China.As the Song Dynasty coincided with the period of the Tang-Song Transition,the Song Dynasty marks the beginning of early modern times.The Yuan Dynasty inherited the influence of the Song Dynasty and was followed by the Ming Dynasty and the Qing Dynasty.It is fair to say that this charity that originated in the Song Dynasty and evolved in the Yuan Dynasty can be named early modern charity.Scholars have done some preliminary research on this topic,but it is still necessary to sort out the main threads of charity culture in this period.From the perspective of social self-organization caused by the state-society relation adjustment in the Song Dynasty,this paper regards the rise of modern charitable activities as the collective action of civil society aiming at the goal of self-organizing.In order to observe the macro-context of charitable activities in this period,the paper focuses on the rise and the change process of the two major groups involved in charitable activities,namely the scholars and the a ffluent.Generally,with the rise of these two groups,the Northern Song dynasty saw the rise of early modern charity;with the localization of scholars and the division among the a ffluent people,the Southern Song dynasty was the active period of early modern charity;with the division and transformation of the groups of scholars and the a ffluent,the Yuan dynasty witnessed the evolution of early modern charity.
作者
张文
Zhang Wen(chool of History,Culture and Ethnology,Southwest China University,Chongqing 400715,China)
出处
《社会保障评论》
CSSCI
2021年第2期137-147,共11页
Chinese Social Security Review
基金
国家社会科学基金重大项目“中国慈善通史”(11&ZD091)子课题“宋元慈善史”
国家社会科学基金一般项目“宋朝乡村慈善与村落共同体重构研究”(19BZS065)
关键词
士人
富民
近世慈善
宋元时期
scholars
the a ffluent
early modern charity
Song and Yuan dynasties
作者简介
张文,西南大学历史文化学院教授、博士生导师。主要研究方向:中国古代社会保障史与慈善史。
