摘要
二十等爵制在战国秦汉社会转型中发挥了重要作用。传世文献记载二十等爵第九级五大夫与第八级公乘之间存在重要的分层,学界将五大夫以上称"官爵",以下称"民爵"。但新出岳麓秦简和张家山汉简中却有"受爵者毋过大夫"等规定,表明秦统一时至汉初民爵的上限为大夫。民爵上限移至公乘应发生在汉文帝六年左右。文帝在贾谊建议下进行广泛的制度改革,其中包括将中央列卿的秩级从二千石提高到中二千石以及将民爵上限提高到公乘,旨在加强中央集权、明确等级秩序。从左庶长到大庶长的爵层被称作"卿",大夫、不更爵的权益仍带有分层界标痕迹以及官民爵的界限经历了从低到高的变化等史实,可推测二十等爵制是与公卿大夫士内爵系统挂钩建立起来的,建立之初爵层的划分与之完全对应。随着赐爵的扩大,统治者为了保证足够的服役人口,不断调整民爵上限。战国后期将大夫爵下移至士位;汉文帝六年左右,将官大夫到公乘爵全部纳入士位。官民爵分界自此稳定,直至三国。
The system of twenty ranks(Ershideng juezhi,二十等爵制)played an important role in the social transformation from the Warring States to the Qin and Han dynasties.According to the handed down documents,there is an important stratification between the ninth rank(Wudafu,五大夫)and the eighth rank(Gongcheng,公乘)of the twenty ranks.In the academic circles,the ranks above Wudafu are called"official ranks"(Guanjue,官爵),and the ranks below it are called"civil ranks"(Minjue,民爵).However,in the newly published Yuelu Qin bamboo slips and Zhangjiashan Han bamboo slips there are some stipulations,such as"the highest rank one can receive is Dafu(grand master,大夫)",which indicates that the upper limit of civil rank was Dafu from the unification of the Qin dynasty to the beginning of the Han dynasty.The elevation of civil rank’s upper limit to Gongcheng should take place around the sixth year of Emperor Wen of the Han dynasty.Under Jia Yi’s suggestion,Emperor Wen carried out a wide range of institutional reforms,which included elevating the central ministers’official rank from Liangqiandan(两千石)to Zhongliangqiandan(中两千石)and raising the upper limit of civil rank to Gongcheng,so as to strengthen the centralization of power and clarify the hierarchical order.From the historical facts that the ranks from Zuoshuzhang(左庶长)to Dashuzhang(大庶长)were called"Qing"(卿),the rights and interests of Dafu and Bugengjue(不更爵)still had the trace of hierarchical landmark,and the demarcation line between official rank and civil rank went from low to high,we can surmise that the system of twenty ranks was established in connection with the system of inner ranks——Gong-Qing-Dafu-Shi,and at the beginning of its establishment,the demarcation of the twenty ranks was completely corresponded with the system of inner ranks.As the scope of conferring ranks had been expanded,the ruler constantly adjusted the upper limit of civil rank in order to ensure the sufficiency of servicemen.In the late Warring States period,Dafu was lowered to the rank of Shi.Around the sixth year of Emperor Wen of the Han dynasty,ranks from Guandafu(官大夫)to Gongcheng were all included in the rank of Shi.From then on,the boundary between official rank and civil rank had been stabilized until the Three Kingdoms period.
出处
《史学月刊》
CSSCI
北大核心
2021年第1期34-52,共19页
Journal of Historical Science
基金
国家社会科学基金重大项目“秦汉三国简牍经济史料汇编与研究”(19ZDA196)
关键词
二十等爵制
官民爵
卿大夫士
岳麓秦简
张家山汉简
System of Twenty Ranks
Official Rank and Civil Rank
Qing-Dafu-Shi
Yuelu Qin Bamboo Slips
Zhangjiashan Han Bamboo Slips
作者简介
杨振红,历史学博士,湖南师范大学历史文化学院讲座教授。
