摘要
“实录”是扬雄对《史记》做出的重要论断,影响甚大。古今学者多将其视为对史书的至高褒奖。但若能回归《法言》文本语境及汉代文化语境,从经学、史学等多角度重新比较和审视扬、马异同,便可知此乃扬雄以《春秋》笔法对《史记》所下的微辞,后经班固改造才从贬义嬗变为褒义。司马迁据事立论,论随事变,所以《史记》在义理方面体现出“杂”的特征。扬雄则将孔子学说作为至上且唯一的标准,据理论事,故《法言》长于义理。“实录”之说,固然肯定了《史记》记“事”之长,但主要是批评其取“义”之失,这恰是扬雄作《法言》以纠《史记》的基础。扬雄拟经,试图辞辟诸子而“折诸圣”,故作为“实录”的《史记》无可避免地遭到“不与圣人同,是非颇谬于经”的批判。而在史学逐渐脱离经学的过程中,以求实传信为核心特征的史学传统深受后世推崇,故“实录”理所当然地被认为是褒义之辞。“实录”含义的嬗变反映了经、史分离中的一些重要特点,在学术史、文化史上都具有重要意义。
“Shilu”is the most important assertion made by Yang Xiong on Records of the Grand Historian(Shiji),and it has had a great influence.From ancient times to the present,scholars have mostly regarded it as the highest praise for the history books.But if we can return to the textual context of Fayan and the cultural context of the Han dynasty,and compare and re-examine the similarities and differences between Yang Xiong and Sima Qian from multiple perspectives of Confucianism and history,we can see that this is a special assertion made by Yang Xiong using the writing style of Spring and Autumn Annuals(Chunqiu),which was later transformed from a derogatory narrative to a positive one by Ban Gu.Sima Qian’s theories are based on events and follow the events,so Records of the Grand Historianreflects the characteristics of“Za”(miscellany)in terms of theoretical thinking.Yang Xiong,on the other hand,takes the doctrine of Confucius as the only supreme standard of truth,and uses it to evaluate historical events,so Fa-yen is more superior in terms of unity of thought.Therefore,the term“Shilu”certainly affirms the merits of Records of the Grand Historian in recording historical events,but more importantly,it is actually a criticism of Sima Qian’s deficiency in ideological understanding,which is precisely the basis for Yang Xiong’s creation of Fayan to correct Records of the Grand Historian.As Yang Xiong mimicked the Confucian classics and tried to convert to the sage by criticizing Zhuzi(诸子),Records of the Grand Historian as“Shilu”was inevitably considered to be out of line with the sage’s thinking and the Confucian classics.In the process of the gradual separation of history from Confucianism,the tradition of historiography,with seeking truth and transmitting credibility as its core feature,was highly respected by the later generations,so“Shilu”was naturally regarded as a positive word.Therefore,the transmutation of the meaning of“Shilu”reflects some important features in the separation of Confucianism and history,and is of great significance in the academic history as well as cultural history.
出处
《史学月刊》
CSSCI
北大核心
2023年第7期110-121,共12页
Journal of Historical Science
基金
国家社会科学基金青年项目“《太玄》文献整理与研究”(22CZW015)。
关键词
实录
史记
司马迁
扬雄
经学
Shilu
Records of the Grand Historian
Sima Qian
Yang Xiong
Confucianism
作者简介
沈相辉,文学博士,武汉大学文学院副教授。湖北,武汉,430072。
