摘要
蒙古兴起于朔漠草原,牧放畋猎是其主要的生活方式,本无须考虑马匹饲养的问题。但随着忽必烈时期政治中心逐渐南移,农耕区的燕京(中统五年改称中都,至元九年改称大都)政治地位越来越高,后成为两都之一。在两都巡幸制度下,每年冬季大量宿卫马匹跟随皇帝到达大都,其饲养就成为一个难以回避的重要问题。初期,小部分马匹集中于大都饲养,大部分马匹被分散到大都周边州县散养。这些宿卫或冒支官粮,或骚扰百姓,造成很大的社会问题。元成宗时(1295-1307)曾在短时期内采取团槽法饲养,但元英宗时期(1320-1323)被废止。后张珪提出复行团槽法,被元英宗拒绝。北方游牧民族历来有冬营地与夏营地的划分,每年在冬营地与夏营地之间往返游牧,游牧活动应该是两都巡幸制度的主要动因。而散养与团槽的争论,体现了农牧两种经济生产生活方式的矛盾,在蒙古统治者看来,大都即是他们的冬营地。
Herding and hunting are main lifestyles of Mongolian in history as they are born on the wild pasture land.It was not an issue to find feedings for guarding horses on the pasture region.However,when political influence started to move south to agriculture-dominated Yanjing during the Kublai Khan era,Yanjing also becomes one of the two capitals of the Yuan Dynasty.The Yuan Dynasty adopted two capitals.In the winter and spring time when natural grass was scarce,a large number of guarding horses were kept in Dadu where the emperor also stayed.A small team of horses were raised in the center of the capital,while most of the horses were raised in the surrounding regions near Dadu.Guards of the horses often caused trouble for local people,resulting in a social haunting problem.Yuancheng Emperor(1295-1307)had practiced Tuancao,or concentration feeding model in a short period of time,which was abandoned by Yuanying Emperor(1320-1323).Later,Zhang Gui proposed the reviving of Tuancao,which was rejected by Yuanying Emperor.Debate between free herding and concentrated feeding reflects the dual antagonism between Mongolian and Han culture.In Mongolian ruler’s eyes,Dadu was their winter capital at the time.
作者
朱建路
ZHU Jian-lu(Institute of History and Literature,Hebei Normal University,Shijiazhuang,Hebei 050024)
出处
《中央民族大学学报（哲学社会科学版）》
CSSCI
北大核心
2020年第2期136-143,共8页
Journal of Minzu University of China(Philosophy and Social Sciences Edition)
基金
河北师范大学2017年博士基金项目(S2017B04)“元代华北蒙古、色目人研究”阶段性成果.
关键词
元代
两都巡牵制度
宿卫马匹
农牧经济
The Yuan Dynasty
Two Capitals
guarding horse
agro-pastoral economy
作者简介
朱建路(1981—),男,河北武邑县人,历史学博士,河北师范大学历史文化学院讲师,主要从事蒙元史研究。
