洛阳北魏墓葬的“太和之风”与民族文化交融被引量：1

The“Taihe Style”in the Tombs of the Northern Wei Dynasty in Luoyang Versus Ethnic Cultural Integration

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摘要北魏孝文帝迁都洛阳并实行汉化改革,使拓跋鲜卑政权发展至顶峰,史书将该阶段政治稳定、国家强盛、八方归附的社会面貌称为“太和之风”。洛阳作为国都,其墓葬形制和随葬品折射了北魏后期的社会现实,是“太和之风”的典型实物例证。考古发现洛阳北魏墓葬墓向坐北朝南,地面有高大封土,都是单室墓,这些方面的统一性分别继承了东汉和魏晋丧葬文化理念。墓葬是否随葬陶俑群、形制固定为带盖方形的墓志尺寸大小具有身份等级差异,说明北魏把汉晋的部分葬俗进一步发展为礼仪制度。而帝陵墓室涂黑、部分陶俑左衽则是保留的北方游牧文化传统。随葬品中所见拜占庭金币、下颌托等,是西域商贸往来的见证。出土的胡人侍从俑和佛教用品,表明对外来文化的接纳。以上各种因素和谐共存于同一墓葬,从一个侧面充分反映出当时在汉文化主导下的多元一体格局。墓葬中“太和之风”的形成主要是孝文帝对于洛阳陵墓区的规划、汉与鲜卑势力的持续消长和北魏统治下复杂的人口构成等多方面原因共同作用的结果。孝文帝积极主动承继汉晋文化,目的是将拓跋鲜卑纳入华夏统绪中。对洛阳北魏墓葬实物材料的解读,能够直观全面地认识汉文化对北魏政权的影响,为了解中华民族共同体形成过程提供重要参照。 Emperor Xiaowen of Northern Wei Dynasty moved the capital to Luoyang and implemented sinicization reforms,bringing the development of the Tuoba Xianbei regime to its peak.The social form of political stability,national strength,and subordination of multiple groups of people was known in history records as the“Taihe Style”period.The tomb shape and burial objects in the then capital city Luoyang reflected the social reality of the late Northern Wei Dynasty.That was a typical example of the“Taihe Style”.Archaeological discoveries indicated that the tombs of Northern Wei Dynasty in Luoyang were facing the southward direction,and built with tall graves overland,all of which were single-chamber tombs.The unity of these aspects inherits respectively the funeral cultural concepts of the Eastern Han Dynasty and the Wei and Jin dynasties.Through observing whether the tomb buried with the terracotta figurines and the different size of the epitaph indicating different identity hierarchy,we realize the burial customs of the Han and Jin dynasties had been further developed into a ceremonial system in Northern Wei Dynasty.The imperial tomb chamber was blackened and the placket to the left of the terracotta figurines retained the northern nomadic cultural tradition.The Byzantine gold coins and jaw rests found in the burial goods were a testimony to the trade and commerce of western China regions.The terracotta figurines of Hu(northern barbarian)people and the Buddhist objects excavated from the tomb illustrated the acceptance of foreign cultures.The harmonious coexistence of different factors in one tomb reflects the pluralistic and unity pattern under the domination of Han culture at that time.The formation of the“Taihe Style”in the tombs and the changes that occurred after the“Heyin Accident”were mainly the result of the combined effect of Emperor Xiaowen’s planning for the tomb area of Luoyang,the continued growth and fall of Han and Xianbei power,and the complex demographic composition in Northern Wei Dynasty.Emperor Xiaowen took the initiative to inherit the cultures of Han and Jin dynasties with the aim of incorporating Tuoba Xianbei into the Chinese polity.The interpretation of material of the Northern Wei Dynasty tombs in Luoyang can provide a visual and comprehensive understanding of the influence of Han culture on the regime of the Northern Wei Dynasty,and provide an important reference for understanding the formation process of the Chinese national community.

作者刘连香 LIU Lian-xiang(Department of Archaeology and Museology,Minzu University of China,Beijing 100081)

机构地区中央民族大学考古文博系

出处《中央民族大学学报（哲学社会科学版）》 CSSCI 北大核心 2023年第3期69-80,共12页 Journal of Minzu University of China(Philosophy and Social Sciences Edition)

基金中央民族大学铸牢中华民族共同体意识研究专项项目“北朝考古遗存中的华夏民族认同研究”(项目编号:22MDZL05)的阶段性成果

关键词北魏洛阳墓葬 “太和之风” 文化交融 Northern Wei Luoyang tombs “Taihe Style” cultural integration

分类号 K239.2 [历史地理—中国史]

作者简介刘连香,中央民族大学考古文博系教授。