Dear Editor,Mitochondria acts as a cellular organelle that produces ATP and buffers Ca2+,and plays an important role in neuronal growth,survival and function[1].Loss of mitochondria will make the ATP supply insufficie...Dear Editor,Mitochondria acts as a cellular organelle that produces ATP and buffers Ca2+,and plays an important role in neuronal growth,survival and function[1].Loss of mitochondria will make the ATP supply insufficient,resulting in synaptic transmission dysfunction[2].Further,presynaptic mitochondrial dysfunctions are often associated with severe neurological diseases[3].Abnormal mitochondrial function can also lead to neurodegenerative diseases because of the degeneration of synapse transmission,such as Alzheimer’s disease[4]and Parkinson’s disease[5].In neurons,mitochondria have a wide range of size,shape and number,which can be constantly changed through fission and fusion events to form a highly dynamic and organized network[6]and also a way of mitochondrial quality control.展开更多
Notch proteins are transmembrane receptors which can transduce signals between cells.Upon binding to their ligands on the neighboring cells,notch receptors can be activated and undergo conformational changes which ena...Notch proteins are transmembrane receptors which can transduce signals between cells.Upon binding to their ligands on the neighboring cells,notch receptors can be activated and undergo conformational changes which enable their proteolysis by ADAM-family of metalloproteases<sup>[1]</sup>.The cleavage site of notch protein located on its hetrodimerizaton domain（HD）of the negative regulatory region（NRR）proximal to the N-terminal of the transmembrane helix.Recent crystal structures on several notch proteins<sup>[2-4]</sup>indicated that a series of three Lin12/Notch repeats（LNRs）wrap around the HD and bury the cleavage site to prevent it from proteolysis at the normal conditions without ligand binding.Studies indicated that notch/ligand binding may al-展开更多
The toxic effects to microorganism induced by nanomaterials have received considerable attentions in the past decades [1]. Herein, two diverse nanomaterials i.e. multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) and mesoporous s...The toxic effects to microorganism induced by nanomaterials have received considerable attentions in the past decades [1]. Herein, two diverse nanomaterials i.e. multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) and mesoporous silica nanospheres (MSNs) were prepared to investigate their deleterious effects on Caenorhabditis. elegans (C. elegans)[2-3]. As shown in Figure 1A, histidine functionalized MWCNTs (his-MWCNTs) were in length of ~500 nm with outer diameter ~20 nm, while fluorescein isothiocyanate dyed MSNs (FITC-MSNs) were in an average diameter of ~70 nm (Figure 1B). Microscopic images display his-MWCNTs having been ingested into intestine of C. elegans after co-incubation for 2 h, as arrowed in Figure 1C and 1E. In contrast, no MSNs were observed to be ingested after co-incubating in the same liquid medium. However, fluorescence microscopic images (Figure 1D and 1F) demonstrate that FITC-MSNs could be ingested by C. elegans after co-incubation for 24 h or longer time via seeding Kingagar plates with FITC-MSNs.展开更多
Objective In kinesin-3,the neck coil correlates with the following segments to form an extended neck that contains a characteristic hinge diverse from a proline in KIF13B to a long flexible linker in KIF1A.The functio...Objective In kinesin-3,the neck coil correlates with the following segments to form an extended neck that contains a characteristic hinge diverse from a proline in KIF13B to a long flexible linker in KIF1A.The function of this neck hinge for controlling processive movement,however,remains unclear.Methods We made a series of modifications to the neck hinges of KIF13B and KIF1A and tested their movement using a single-molecule motility assay.Results In KIF13B,the insertion of flexible residues before or after the proline differentially impacts the processivity or velocity,while the removal of this proline increases the both.In KIF1A,the deletion of entire flexible neck hinge merely enhances the processivity.The engineering of these hinge-truncated necks of kinesin-3 into kinesin-1 similarly boosts the processive movement of kinesin-1.Conclusion The neck hinge in kinesin-3 controls its processive movement and proper modifications tune the motor motility,which provides a novel strategy to reshape the processive movement of kinesin motors.展开更多
The development of Chinese space science and technology plays a great role in promoting the researches in the field of the origin of life.With the multidisciplinary cooperation,there are fruitful achievements in this ...The development of Chinese space science and technology plays a great role in promoting the researches in the field of the origin of life.With the multidisciplinary cooperation,there are fruitful achievements in this research field obtained over the past two years.This report summarizes the major progress of the basic researches about the origin of life in China during 2018–2020.展开更多
There are two tendency of development on space protein crystal growth facility.Increase the number of samples, for commercial purpose, or observe and control the crystallization process, for study of crystallizati... There are two tendency of development on space protein crystal growth facility.Increase the number of samples, for commercial purpose, or observe and control the crystallization process, for study of crystallization process.……展开更多
Using a new flight hardware, a Chinese mission of space protein crystallization has been performed on the Chinese spacecraft SZ-3 for seven days from March 25 to Apr. 1, 2002. The rate of yielding crystals in the ... Using a new flight hardware, a Chinese mission of space protein crystallization has been performed on the Chinese spacecraft SZ-3 for seven days from March 25 to Apr. 1, 2002. The rate of yielding crystals in the 60 samples is 75%, a little higher than the ground control experiment. Preliminary analysis of the experimental results have shown that among the 16 proteins involved in the mission, about 4 kinds of better diffraction-quality protein crystals were produced in space. At least one kind of protein crystals, i.e. crystals of cytochrome b5 mutant could diffract X ray beyond the highest resolution reported so far. In addition, some rules derived from our numerical studies of the liquid/liquid diffusion protein crystallization were proved by the crystallization of lysozyme as model protein in this space experiment,which also clearly showed the advantages and disadvantages of the gelled protein solution used in microgravity growth of protein crystals. In order to exploit this mission, more diffraction work with the grown crystals and detailed analysis of data to be obtained will be done in the next few months.……展开更多
Objective Hepatocyte nuclear factor 4-alpha(HNF4A)is a critical transcription factor in the liver and pancreas.Dysfunctions of HNF4A lead to maturity onset diabetes of the young 1(MODY1).Notably,MODY1 patients with HN...Objective Hepatocyte nuclear factor 4-alpha(HNF4A)is a critical transcription factor in the liver and pancreas.Dysfunctions of HNF4A lead to maturity onset diabetes of the young 1(MODY1).Notably,MODY1 patients with HNF4A pathogenic mutations exhibit decreased responses to arginine and reduced plasma triglyceride levels,but the mechanisms remain unclear.This study aims to investigate the potential target genes transcriptionally regulated by HNF4A and explore its role in these metabolic pathways.Methods A stable 293T cell line expressing the HNF1A reporter was overexpressed with HNF4A.RNA sequencing(RNA-seq)was performed to analyze transcriptional differences.Transcription factor binding site prediction was then conducted to identify HNF4A binding motifs in the promoter regions of relevant target genes.Results RNA-seq results revealed a significant upregulation of transmembrane 4 L six family member 5(TM4SF5)mRNA in HNF4A-overexpressing cells.Transcription factor binding predictions suggested the presence of five potential HNF4A binding motifs in the TM4SF5 promoter.Finally,we confirmed that the DR1 site in the-57 to-48 region of the TM4SF5 promoter is the key binding motif for HNF4A.Conclusion This study identified TM4SF5 as a target gene of HNF4A and determined the key binding motif involved in its regulation.Given the role of TM4SF5 as an arginine sensor in mTOR signaling activation and triglyceride secretion,which closely aligns with phenotypes observed in MODY1 patients,our findings provide novel insights into the possible mechanisms by which HNF4A regulates triglyceride secretion in the liver and arginine-stimulated insulin secretion in the pancreas.展开更多
Dear Editor,Type 2 diabetes is a chronic disease characterized by high glucose levels in the blood.Recently,it has been found that type 2 diabetic patients suffer from glucose and ribose dysmetabolism[1-3].The GotoKak...Dear Editor,Type 2 diabetes is a chronic disease characterized by high glucose levels in the blood.Recently,it has been found that type 2 diabetic patients suffer from glucose and ribose dysmetabolism[1-3].The GotoKakizaki(GK)rat is a nonobese,nonhypertensive model of type 2 diabetes,which,like humans,shares a susceptibility locus on chromosome 10[4-5].展开更多
Dear Editor,The nucleosome assembly protein 1(NAP-1),being a histone chaperone[1],primarily participates in the processes of nucleosome assembly and disassembly,histone transport,and histone eviction.
OBJECTIVE TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand(TRAIL)is a promising cancer therapeutic agent due to its minimal toxicity to normal tissues and remarkable apoptotic activity in tumors.However,most breast cancer cells ...OBJECTIVE TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand(TRAIL)is a promising cancer therapeutic agent due to its minimal toxicity to normal tissues and remarkable apoptotic activity in tumors.However,most breast cancer cells are resistant to TRAIL-induced apoptosis.Our objectives are to investigate the underlying molecular mechanisms and to develop strategies to overcome such resistance.METHODS To identify modulators of TRAIL-induced apoptosis,we carried out a genome wide si RNA screen.To validate the screening result,we either silenced or overexpressed the identified genes in various breast cancer cells and changes in growth and TRAIL-induced cell apoptosis were determined in vitro and in an orthotopic xenograft mouse model.Finally,we investigated whether small molecules targeting the identified genes improve the effectiveness of TRAIL-therapy.RESULTS We unexpectedly identified androgen receptor(AR)to be responsible for TRAIL resistance.While AR is classically viewed as the key factor in prostate cancer progression,we found that AR expression levels were markedly elevated in human invasive breast cancer specimens including triple-negative breast cancers(TNBC)that are highly aggressive with poor prognosis.Importantly,breast cancer cell lines express different levels of AR that correlated with their TRAIL resistance.AR overexpression in MDA-MB-231 and MDA-MB-436 cells suppressed the TRAIL sensitivity whereas knockdown of AR rendered MCF-7 and MDA-MB-453 cells sensitive to TRAIL-induced apoptosis.AR overexpression also induced TRAIL resistance in breast tumors in vivo.Further,we observed an upregulation of the TRAIL receptor,death receptor 5(DR5)in breast cancer cells,following the removal or inhibition of AR by its antagonists Casodex and MDV3100.Treatment with AR antagonists also enhanced TRAIL-induced breast cancer cell apoptosis.CONCLUSION AR signaling suppresses TRAIL-induced breast cancer cell apoptosis,in part,by suppressing DR5 expression,and a combination of AR antagonists together with TRAIL may be a novel and effective therapy for TNBC.展开更多
Dear Editor,Type 2 diabetes mellitus(T2DM)is a metabolic disorder that impacts multiple organs including brain activity through mechanisms such as glucose toxicity,insulin resistance,mitochondrial dysfunction,and vasc...Dear Editor,Type 2 diabetes mellitus(T2DM)is a metabolic disorder that impacts multiple organs including brain activity through mechanisms such as glucose toxicity,insulin resistance,mitochondrial dysfunction,and vascular damage^([1-2]).As described by Su and his colleagues^([3])in 2013,type 2 diabetics had abnormally high levels of urine ribose,suggesting that the patients suffered from not only glucose metabolism disorders,but also ribose metabolism disorders^([4]).展开更多
Acetylcholine,the first identified neurotransmitter,plays crucial roles in various brain functions.One well-known case is its involvement as an activating neurotransmitter in the regulation of locomotion.However,its i...Acetylcholine,the first identified neurotransmitter,plays crucial roles in various brain functions.One well-known case is its involvement as an activating neurotransmitter in the regulation of locomotion.However,its inhibitory regulatory role,particularly in locomotion,remains poorly understood.展开更多
Optical-neural stimulation,which encompasses cutting-edge techniques such as optogenetics and infrared neurostimulation,employs distinct mechanisms to modulate brain function and behavior.These advanced neuromodulatio...Optical-neural stimulation,which encompasses cutting-edge techniques such as optogenetics and infrared neurostimulation,employs distinct mechanisms to modulate brain function and behavior.These advanced neuromodulation techniques offer accurate manipulation of targeted areas,even selectively modulating specific neurons,in the brain.This makes it possible to investigate the cause-and-effect connections between neural activity and behavior,allowing for a better comprehension of the intricate brain dynamics towards complex environments.Non-human primates serve as an essential animal model for investigating these complex functions in brain research,bridging the gap between the basic research and clinical applications.One of the earliest optical studies utilizing optogenetic neuromodulation in monkeys was conducted in 2009.Since then,the optical-neural stimulations have been effectively applied in non-human primates.This review summarises recent research that employed optogenetics or infrared neurostimulation techniques to regulate brain function and behavior in non-human primates.The current state of optical-neural stimulations discussed here demonstrates their efficacy in advancing the understanding of brain systems.Nevertheless,there are still challenges that need to be addressed before they can fully achieve their potential.展开更多
Since its emergence half a century ago,magnetoencephalography(MEG)technology has been recognized as one of the most ideal non-invasive measures to explore functional brain activities^([1]).However,its subsequent devel...Since its emergence half a century ago,magnetoencephalography(MEG)technology has been recognized as one of the most ideal non-invasive measures to explore functional brain activities^([1]).However,its subsequent development has fallen short of expectations,e.g..展开更多
Brain function is associated with the morphologies,organizations,synaptic connections,and circuit activities of neurons.As the building blocks of the brain,neurons display remarkable morphological diversity and form n...Brain function is associated with the morphologies,organizations,synaptic connections,and circuit activities of neurons.As the building blocks of the brain,neurons display remarkable morphological diversity and form neural circuits with synaptic connections.Understanding the'wiring'connectomes among synapses and their roles in neural networks展开更多
基金the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2017YFA0504700)The National Natural Science Foundation of China(32027901).
文摘Dear Editor,Mitochondria acts as a cellular organelle that produces ATP and buffers Ca2+,and plays an important role in neuronal growth,survival and function[1].Loss of mitochondria will make the ATP supply insufficient,resulting in synaptic transmission dysfunction[2].Further,presynaptic mitochondrial dysfunctions are often associated with severe neurological diseases[3].Abnormal mitochondrial function can also lead to neurodegenerative diseases because of the degeneration of synapse transmission,such as Alzheimer’s disease[4]and Parkinson’s disease[5].In neurons,mitochondria have a wide range of size,shape and number,which can be constantly changed through fission and fusion events to form a highly dynamic and organized network[6]and also a way of mitochondrial quality control.
基金supported by grants from Natural Science Foundations of China(31070827, 31222022,and 81161120424)the Knowledge Innovation Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciens
文摘Notch proteins are transmembrane receptors which can transduce signals between cells.Upon binding to their ligands on the neighboring cells,notch receptors can be activated and undergo conformational changes which enable their proteolysis by ADAM-family of metalloproteases<sup>[1]</sup>.The cleavage site of notch protein located on its hetrodimerizaton domain（HD）of the negative regulatory region（NRR）proximal to the N-terminal of the transmembrane helix.Recent crystal structures on several notch proteins<sup>[2-4]</sup>indicated that a series of three Lin12/Notch repeats（LNRs）wrap around the HD and bury the cleavage site to prevent it from proteolysis at the normal conditions without ligand binding.Studies indicated that notch/ligand binding may al-
文摘The toxic effects to microorganism induced by nanomaterials have received considerable attentions in the past decades [1]. Herein, two diverse nanomaterials i.e. multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) and mesoporous silica nanospheres (MSNs) were prepared to investigate their deleterious effects on Caenorhabditis. elegans (C. elegans)[2-3]. As shown in Figure 1A, histidine functionalized MWCNTs (his-MWCNTs) were in length of ~500 nm with outer diameter ~20 nm, while fluorescein isothiocyanate dyed MSNs (FITC-MSNs) were in an average diameter of ~70 nm (Figure 1B). Microscopic images display his-MWCNTs having been ingested into intestine of C. elegans after co-incubation for 2 h, as arrowed in Figure 1C and 1E. In contrast, no MSNs were observed to be ingested after co-incubating in the same liquid medium. However, fluorescence microscopic images (Figure 1D and 1F) demonstrate that FITC-MSNs could be ingested by C. elegans after co-incubation for 24 h or longer time via seeding Kingagar plates with FITC-MSNs.
文摘Objective In kinesin-3,the neck coil correlates with the following segments to form an extended neck that contains a characteristic hinge diverse from a proline in KIF13B to a long flexible linker in KIF1A.The function of this neck hinge for controlling processive movement,however,remains unclear.Methods We made a series of modifications to the neck hinges of KIF13B and KIF1A and tested their movement using a single-molecule motility assay.Results In KIF13B,the insertion of flexible residues before or after the proline differentially impacts the processivity or velocity,while the removal of this proline increases the both.In KIF1A,the deletion of entire flexible neck hinge merely enhances the processivity.The engineering of these hinge-truncated necks of kinesin-3 into kinesin-1 similarly boosts the processive movement of kinesin-1.Conclusion The neck hinge in kinesin-3 controls its processive movement and proper modifications tune the motor motility,which provides a novel strategy to reshape the processive movement of kinesin motors.
文摘The development of Chinese space science and technology plays a great role in promoting the researches in the field of the origin of life.With the multidisciplinary cooperation,there are fruitful achievements in this research field obtained over the past two years.This report summarizes the major progress of the basic researches about the origin of life in China during 2018–2020.
文摘 There are two tendency of development on space protein crystal growth facility.Increase the number of samples, for commercial purpose, or observe and control the crystallization process, for study of crystallization process.……
文摘 Using a new flight hardware, a Chinese mission of space protein crystallization has been performed on the Chinese spacecraft SZ-3 for seven days from March 25 to Apr. 1, 2002. The rate of yielding crystals in the 60 samples is 75%, a little higher than the ground control experiment. Preliminary analysis of the experimental results have shown that among the 16 proteins involved in the mission, about 4 kinds of better diffraction-quality protein crystals were produced in space. At least one kind of protein crystals, i.e. crystals of cytochrome b5 mutant could diffract X ray beyond the highest resolution reported so far. In addition, some rules derived from our numerical studies of the liquid/liquid diffusion protein crystallization were proved by the crystallization of lysozyme as model protein in this space experiment,which also clearly showed the advantages and disadvantages of the gelled protein solution used in microgravity growth of protein crystals. In order to exploit this mission, more diffraction work with the grown crystals and detailed analysis of data to be obtained will be done in the next few months.……
文摘Objective Hepatocyte nuclear factor 4-alpha(HNF4A)is a critical transcription factor in the liver and pancreas.Dysfunctions of HNF4A lead to maturity onset diabetes of the young 1(MODY1).Notably,MODY1 patients with HNF4A pathogenic mutations exhibit decreased responses to arginine and reduced plasma triglyceride levels,but the mechanisms remain unclear.This study aims to investigate the potential target genes transcriptionally regulated by HNF4A and explore its role in these metabolic pathways.Methods A stable 293T cell line expressing the HNF1A reporter was overexpressed with HNF4A.RNA sequencing(RNA-seq)was performed to analyze transcriptional differences.Transcription factor binding site prediction was then conducted to identify HNF4A binding motifs in the promoter regions of relevant target genes.Results RNA-seq results revealed a significant upregulation of transmembrane 4 L six family member 5(TM4SF5)mRNA in HNF4A-overexpressing cells.Transcription factor binding predictions suggested the presence of five potential HNF4A binding motifs in the TM4SF5 promoter.Finally,we confirmed that the DR1 site in the-57 to-48 region of the TM4SF5 promoter is the key binding motif for HNF4A.Conclusion This study identified TM4SF5 as a target gene of HNF4A and determined the key binding motif involved in its regulation.Given the role of TM4SF5 as an arginine sensor in mTOR signaling activation and triglyceride secretion,which closely aligns with phenotypes observed in MODY1 patients,our findings provide novel insights into the possible mechanisms by which HNF4A regulates triglyceride secretion in the liver and arginine-stimulated insulin secretion in the pancreas.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(40806056)the Hi-Tech Research and Development program of China (2008AA09Z404)the Foundation for Outstanding Young Scientist(Doctoral Foundation) in Shandong Prov-ince (2008BS02019)
基金supported by a grant from Beijing Brain Project(Z161100000217141)。
文摘Dear Editor,Type 2 diabetes is a chronic disease characterized by high glucose levels in the blood.Recently,it has been found that type 2 diabetic patients suffer from glucose and ribose dysmetabolism[1-3].The GotoKakizaki(GK)rat is a nonobese,nonhypertensive model of type 2 diabetes,which,like humans,shares a susceptibility locus on chromosome 10[4-5].
基金supported by grants from the National Key Laboratory of Biomacromolecules and The National Natural Science Foundation of China (81373422)
文摘Dear Editor,The nucleosome assembly protein 1(NAP-1),being a histone chaperone[1],primarily participates in the processes of nucleosome assembly and disassembly,histone transport,and histone eviction.
基金supported by National Institutes of Health(R21CA193271 and R01HL116849)National Natural Science Foundation of China(31100595 and 31300683)
文摘OBJECTIVE TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand(TRAIL)is a promising cancer therapeutic agent due to its minimal toxicity to normal tissues and remarkable apoptotic activity in tumors.However,most breast cancer cells are resistant to TRAIL-induced apoptosis.Our objectives are to investigate the underlying molecular mechanisms and to develop strategies to overcome such resistance.METHODS To identify modulators of TRAIL-induced apoptosis,we carried out a genome wide si RNA screen.To validate the screening result,we either silenced or overexpressed the identified genes in various breast cancer cells and changes in growth and TRAIL-induced cell apoptosis were determined in vitro and in an orthotopic xenograft mouse model.Finally,we investigated whether small molecules targeting the identified genes improve the effectiveness of TRAIL-therapy.RESULTS We unexpectedly identified androgen receptor(AR)to be responsible for TRAIL resistance.While AR is classically viewed as the key factor in prostate cancer progression,we found that AR expression levels were markedly elevated in human invasive breast cancer specimens including triple-negative breast cancers(TNBC)that are highly aggressive with poor prognosis.Importantly,breast cancer cell lines express different levels of AR that correlated with their TRAIL resistance.AR overexpression in MDA-MB-231 and MDA-MB-436 cells suppressed the TRAIL sensitivity whereas knockdown of AR rendered MCF-7 and MDA-MB-453 cells sensitive to TRAIL-induced apoptosis.AR overexpression also induced TRAIL resistance in breast tumors in vivo.Further,we observed an upregulation of the TRAIL receptor,death receptor 5(DR5)in breast cancer cells,following the removal or inhibition of AR by its antagonists Casodex and MDV3100.Treatment with AR antagonists also enhanced TRAIL-induced breast cancer cell apoptosis.CONCLUSION AR signaling suppresses TRAIL-induced breast cancer cell apoptosis,in part,by suppressing DR5 expression,and a combination of AR antagonists together with TRAIL may be a novel and effective therapy for TNBC.
基金supported by grants from Beijing Brain Project(Z161100000217141)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(2020-JYB-ZDGG-051)。
文摘Dear Editor,Type 2 diabetes mellitus(T2DM)is a metabolic disorder that impacts multiple organs including brain activity through mechanisms such as glucose toxicity,insulin resistance,mitochondrial dysfunction,and vascular damage^([1-2]).As described by Su and his colleagues^([3])in 2013,type 2 diabetics had abnormally high levels of urine ribose,suggesting that the patients suffered from not only glucose metabolism disorders,but also ribose metabolism disorders^([4]).
文摘Acetylcholine,the first identified neurotransmitter,plays crucial roles in various brain functions.One well-known case is its involvement as an activating neurotransmitter in the regulation of locomotion.However,its inhibitory regulatory role,particularly in locomotion,remains poorly understood.
文摘Optical-neural stimulation,which encompasses cutting-edge techniques such as optogenetics and infrared neurostimulation,employs distinct mechanisms to modulate brain function and behavior.These advanced neuromodulation techniques offer accurate manipulation of targeted areas,even selectively modulating specific neurons,in the brain.This makes it possible to investigate the cause-and-effect connections between neural activity and behavior,allowing for a better comprehension of the intricate brain dynamics towards complex environments.Non-human primates serve as an essential animal model for investigating these complex functions in brain research,bridging the gap between the basic research and clinical applications.One of the earliest optical studies utilizing optogenetic neuromodulation in monkeys was conducted in 2009.Since then,the optical-neural stimulations have been effectively applied in non-human primates.This review summarises recent research that employed optogenetics or infrared neurostimulation techniques to regulate brain function and behavior in non-human primates.The current state of optical-neural stimulations discussed here demonstrates their efficacy in advancing the understanding of brain systems.Nevertheless,there are still challenges that need to be addressed before they can fully achieve their potential.
文摘Since its emergence half a century ago,magnetoencephalography(MEG)technology has been recognized as one of the most ideal non-invasive measures to explore functional brain activities^([1]).However,its subsequent development has fallen short of expectations,e.g..
基金supported by grants from The National Natural Science Foundation of China(81470846,31529004,31671422,31500686,31601112)National Basic Research Program of China(2012CB825504)the Chinese Academy of Sciences(XDA04020413-02)
文摘Brain function is associated with the morphologies,organizations,synaptic connections,and circuit activities of neurons.As the building blocks of the brain,neurons display remarkable morphological diversity and form neural circuits with synaptic connections.Understanding the'wiring'connectomes among synapses and their roles in neural networks
基金National Basic Research Program of China from MOST,2015CB910800 to W.C. and 2014CB910202 to J. LNational Science Foundation of China,31470900 and 31522021 to W.C. and 11672317 and 31222022 to J.L.
