Evaluating the adversarial robustness of classification algorithms in machine learning is a crucial domain.However,current methods lack measurable and interpretable metrics.To address this issue,this paper introduces ...Evaluating the adversarial robustness of classification algorithms in machine learning is a crucial domain.However,current methods lack measurable and interpretable metrics.To address this issue,this paper introduces a visual evaluation index named confidence centroid skewing quadrilateral,which is based on a classification confidence-based confusion matrix,offering a quantitative and visual comparison of the adversarial robustness among different classification algorithms,and enhances intuitiveness and interpretability of attack impacts.We first conduct a validity test and sensitive analysis of the method.Then,prove its effectiveness through the experiments of five classification algorithms including artificial neural network(ANN),logistic regression(LR),support vector machine(SVM),convolutional neural network(CNN)and transformer against three adversarial attacks such as fast gradient sign method(FGSM),DeepFool,and projected gradient descent(PGD)attack.展开更多
Objective The essence of syndrome manifestation recognition in traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)is to infer the body’s latent pathogenesis state from clinical observational information,rather than to perform simple l...Objective The essence of syndrome manifestation recognition in traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)is to infer the body’s latent pathogenesis state from clinical observational information,rather than to perform simple label matching.However,previous studies have largely modeled this task as syndrome pattern classification within a fixed label space,which does not adequately reflect the cognition process of TCM syndrome differentiation centered on pathogenesis reasoning,and is also insufficient to capture the openness,semantic variability,and cross-disease reusability of syndrome manifestation expression.This study aimed to investigate whether introducing pathogenesis reasoning chain-of-thought(PR-CoT)supervision into large language models(LLMs)could improve the quality and cognitive consistency of syndrome manifestation recognition and support cross-disease transfer.Methods Syndrome manifestation recognition was formulated as a conditional generation task under the framework of clinical observational information(X)→pathogenesis structure(Z)→syndrome pattern output(Y),where Z serves as an explicit intermediate structural variable linking the clinical evidence and syndrome judgment.Within this framework,a PR-CoT-supervised dataset for syndrome manifestation recognition was constructed based on medical case records of spleen-stomach disorders.After preprocessing,information extraction,manual proofreading,and data cleaning,the dataset comprised 4800 training cases,400 development cases,and 400 test cases.Each sample was annotated with a structured PR-CoT consisting of three progressive levels:clinical information summarization,comprehensive pathogenesis analysis,and syndrome pattern output.Supervised fine-tuning was conducted on open-source LLMs,with an end-to-end model serving as the baseline.Qwen3-32B was used as the primary experimental model,and Qwen3-14B as the scale comparison model.A progressive multidimensional evaluation framework was further established,comprising a structural parsing level,a semantic similarity level,and an expert blind review level.At the structural parsing level,syndrome pattern expressions were decomposed into structural elements and evaluated using Precision,Recall,F1 score,and Jaccard similarity.At the semantic similarity level,independent LLMs scored the theoretical proximity between predicted and reference syndrome patterns.At the expert blind review level,three TCM experts independently evaluated model outputs on two dimensions:syndrome differentiation consistency and terminology standardization of syndrome patterns.In addition,zero-shot cross-disease transfer evaluation was conducted on gynecological and heart-system disorder test sets.Results At the structural parsing level,PR-CoT supervision did not lead to a stable improvement in the element-wise overlap of syndrome pattern structural components.Compared with the corresponding baselines,neither Qwen3-32B nor Qwen3-14B showed consistent advantages in structural matching metrics after the introduction of PR-CoT supervision.In contrast,at the semantic similarity level,PR-CoT supervision produced stable positive gains across different model scales and evaluation systems.The average semantic score of Qwen3-32B increased from 6.4258 in the baseline model to 6.5850 after PR-CoT supervision,and that of Qwen3-14B increased from 5.8700 to 5.9642.At the expert blind review level,the overall score of Qwen3-32B(PR-CoT)was 7.0260±0.1077,higher than 6.4163±0.2889 for its baseline.In zero-shot cross-disease testing,the PR-CoT model still showed advantages in semantic evaluation and expert evaluation on both gynecological and heart-system disorder test sets,indicating a certain degree of transferability.Conclusion The benefits of PR-CoT supervision are mainly reflected in TCM semantic consistency and clinical plausibility,rather than in improved hard matching of structural elements.These findings support understanding syndrome manifestation recognition as a process of generating and expressing latent pathogenesis structures,rather than as a classification task within a traditional fixed label space.By introducing pathogenesis reasoning as an explicit intermediate structure into the modeling process and combining it with a progressive multidimensional evaluation framework,this study provides a methodological pathway for intelligent TCM syndrome differentiation that integrates theoretical alignment,interpretability,and multi-level evaluation.展开更多
Gravity-caisson wharves have been widely constructed in coastal and island regions, which are threaten by potential underwater explosions. This work aims to study the dynamic behaviors and propose a damage evaluation ...Gravity-caisson wharves have been widely constructed in coastal and island regions, which are threaten by potential underwater explosions. This work aims to study the dynamic behaviors and propose a damage evaluation approach of caisson wharf against underwater explosion. Firstly, based on both the underwater explosion loading test and underwater explosion test on the reduced-scale caisson specimen, a high-fidelity finite element analysis approach for numerically reproduce the dynamic behaviors of prototype caisson wharves against underwater explosions was proposed and verified. Secondly, the underwater explosion loadings and dynamic behaviors of prototype caisson wharf (14.9 m×8.1 m×10.95 m) against sequential blast wave and bubble pulsation of typical torpedo with a charge weight of 200 kg were studied. The influences of the seabed and cabin infill materials, as well as the explosion standoff distances of 3.4–10.2 m and depths of burst between 1/4 and 3/4 of water depth, on the blast resistance of caisson wharf were further examined through deflection distributions of exterior wall, damage evolution, and overall displacement of caisson wharf. Finally, a performance evaluation approach for prototype caisson wharves against underwater explosions was proposed by comprehensively considering the bearing, storage, and berthing capabilities. The corresponding protective measures and design recommendations were further provided. It indicates that: (i) under the explosion of a typical torpedo, the damage modes of prototype caisson wharf mainly involve the overall vibration, spalling and cracking of the exterior wall, collapse of the upper operating platform and cracking of the top plate;(ii) the blast wave and cavitation zone generated between the bubble and the exterior wall are the two primary causes of damage to caisson wharf;(iii) compared to the saturated calcareous sand seabed, the assumption of rigid seabed underestimates the spalling on the exterior wall, which is not recommended for scenarios where cavitation zones may generate;(iv) rock rubble is the most effective infill material in improving the blast resistance of caisson wharf among four types of infill configurations, i.e., fully filled and half-filled saturated calcareous sand, rock rubble and pure water;(v) the standoff distance of 10.2 m is regarded as a secure protective range in the scenarios discussed currently. As the standoff distance decreases and the depth of burst increases, the spalling of the exterior wall induced by the cavitation intensifies, posing a great threat to the functionality of caisson wharf.展开更多
The evaluation of air combat decision-making has garnered significant attention due to its potential to effectively mitigate losses resulting from erroneous decisions.However,existing research primarily focuses on sta...The evaluation of air combat decision-making has garnered significant attention due to its potential to effectively mitigate losses resulting from erroneous decisions.However,existing research primarily focuses on static evaluation methods.Therefore,this paper proposes a dynamic multi-round decision evaluation method based on the characteristics of multi-round unmanned aerial vehicle air combat under opponent’s optimal strategy.In order to determine objective weights,an improved multi-attribute decision making method is proposed,which incorporates the proximity as a correction coefficient for evaluation indicators,utilizing the cosine similarity instead of Euclidean distance,and incorporating both actual and theoretical objective weights to prevent data mutations.Subsequently,the game theory is employed to reasonably adjust subjective and objective weights to obtain comprehensive weights.To address the issues related to the ambiguity and randomness during the evaluation process,a reverse cloud generator is utilized to determine the center of gravity of the cloud model using comprehensive weights while employing the weighted deviation degree for evaluating air combat decision-making effectiveness.By activating the cloud generator through the cloud model,the optimal strategies for each round of air combat are determined,thereby completing the dynamic evaluations for multi-round sequential decision-making processes.Finally,the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed method are verified through simulations.展开更多
The comprehensive evaluation of six properties for equipment product is an important basis for their quality control,and their correlative relationship among six properties will affect their quality level.To understan...The comprehensive evaluation of six properties for equipment product is an important basis for their quality control,and their correlative relationship among six properties will affect their quality level.To understand their correlative relationship among six properties,this paper firstly combines group evaluation with decision-making trial and evaluation laboratory(DEMATEL)model,and develops the optimization model based on group consensus to form six influent relationship matrices.Secondly,group consensus matrix is used to design super network hierarchy matrix,and the weights of six properties with relevant environment is also proposed.Thirdly,the elimination and choice translating reality(ELECTRE)model is used to make comprehensive evaluation,and an example is used to compare the results under two kinds of conditions,and illustrate the effect of the weights of six properties on the priority of equipment products.展开更多
Accurate assessment of coal brittleness is crucial in the design of coal seam drilling and underground coal mining operations.This study proposes a method for evaluating the brittleness of gas-bearing coal based on a ...Accurate assessment of coal brittleness is crucial in the design of coal seam drilling and underground coal mining operations.This study proposes a method for evaluating the brittleness of gas-bearing coal based on a statistical damage constitutive model and energy evolution mechanisms.Initially,integrating the principle of effective stress and the Hoek-Brown criterion,a statistical damage constitutive model for gas-bearing coal is established and validated through triaxial compression tests under different gas pressures to verify its accuracy and applicability.Subsequently,employing energy evolution mechanism,two energy characteristic parameters(elastic energy proportion and dissipated energy proportion)are analyzed.Based on the damage stress thresholds,the damage evolution characteristics of gas bearing coal were explored.Finally,by integrating energy characteristic parameters with damage parameters,a novel brittleness index is proposed.The results demonstrate that the theoretical curves derived from the statistical damage constitutive model closely align with the test curves,accurately reflecting the stress−strain characteristics of gas-bearing coal and revealing the stress drop and softening characteristics of coal in the post-peak stage.The shape parameter and scale parameter represent the brittleness and macroscopic strength of the coal,respectively.As gas pressure increases from 1 to 5 MPa,the shape parameter and the scale parameter decrease by 22.18%and 60.45%,respectively,indicating a reduction in both brittleness and strength of the coal.Parameters such as maximum damage rate and peak elastic energy storage limit positively correlate with coal brittleness.The brittleness index effectively captures the brittleness characteristics and reveals a decrease in brittleness and an increase in sensitivity to plastic deformation under higher gas pressure conditions.展开更多
With the increase of international trade activities and the gradual melting of the polar ice cap,the importance of the Arctic route for marine transportation has been emphasized.Prediction of the polar navigation wind...With the increase of international trade activities and the gradual melting of the polar ice cap,the importance of the Arctic route for marine transportation has been emphasized.Prediction of the polar navigation window period is crucial for navigating in the Arctic route,which is of great significance to the selection of the route and the optimization of navigation.This paper introduces the establishment of a risk index system,determination of risk index weight,establishment of a risk evaluation model,and prediction algorithm for the window period.In addition,data sources of both environmental factors and ship factors are introducted,and their shortcomings are analyzed,followed by introduction of various methods involved in window prediction and analysis of their advantages and disadvantages.The quantitative risk evaluation and window period algorithm can provide a reference for the research of polar navigation window period prediction.展开更多
To scientifically evaluate the restoration performance of ancient city walls,Terahertz time-domain spectroscopy(THz-TDS)and infrared thermal imaging technology were applied to assess the Desheng Fortress(Ming Dynasty)...To scientifically evaluate the restoration performance of ancient city walls,Terahertz time-domain spectroscopy(THz-TDS)and infrared thermal imaging technology were applied to assess the Desheng Fortress(Ming Dynasty).Three representative sections were examined:adobe brick masonry repaired(Area 1),well-preserved original(Area 2),and layer-by-layer ramming repaired(Area 3).THz spectral data revealed significant differences between Area 1(time delay:3.72 ps;refractive index:2.224)and Area 2(time delay:3.02 ps;refractive index:2.107),while Area 3(time delay:3.12 ps;refractive index:2.098)demonstrated nearly identical THz spectral data to Area 2.Infrared thermal imaging also showed that the Area 3 restored by layer-by-layer ramming exhibited greater uniformity with fewer instances of cracks,capillary phenomena,or biological diseases.The proposed point-surface integrated evaluation methodology synergistically combines infrared thermography mapping of heritage surfaces with THz spectral datasets acquired through in-situ micro-sampling,enabling quantitative restoration assessment and providing a novel approach for scientifically validating traditional conservation techniques.展开更多
Sand production and high water content in oil wells are two major challenges that restrict high and stable production in loose sandstone reservoirs.In this paper,nano SiO_(2),coupling agent triethoxysilane,phenolic re...Sand production and high water content in oil wells are two major challenges that restrict high and stable production in loose sandstone reservoirs.In this paper,nano SiO_(2),coupling agent triethoxysilane,phenolic resin and n-octanol were used to synthesize the main agent SCA-2.Hexamethylenetetramine and vinyl carbonate were selected to prepare the curing agent YGA-1,which was then compounded with SCA-2 to develop a sand fixation and water plugging system.Firstly,single-factor experiments were conducted to determine the optimal concentrations of SCA-2 and YGA-1,subsequently,the system’s sand fixation and water blocking performance were evaluated.Finally,a pilot test was carried out in the mining site.Experimental results showed that the optimal formula composition of the system was 10%SCA-2+5%YGA-1.The gelation time of the system was 180 minutes and the viscosity after gelation could reach 108.4 mPa·s.When the dosage of the drug system was 0.6 PV,the sand production rate remained below 0.08%.Dual-tube parallel experiments showed that the sand fixation and water plugging system had a water flow channel plugging rate of 87.5%,while the oil flow channel plugging rate was only 11.3%,indicating minimal damage to the oil-bearing reservoir.The field test showed that after the measures taken in Well M of X oilfield,the sand free oil recovery period exceeded 360 days,the water content decreased by 5.0%and the cumulative oil production increased by 7092 m^(3).This study provides new ideas for efficient development of loose sandstone reservoirs.展开更多
Background Transgenic research in crops involves using genetic engineering techniques to introduce specific genes of interest from other organisms,or even entirely new genes into plant genomes to create crops with des...Background Transgenic research in crops involves using genetic engineering techniques to introduce specific genes of interest from other organisms,or even entirely new genes into plant genomes to create crops with desirable traits that wouldn’t be possible through conventional breeding methods.Transgenic crops have been developed for various traits globally.Whitefly,Bemisia tabaci(Gennadius)is one of the major sucking pests of cotton that cause significant damage to the cotton production.To combat whitefly infestations,researchers have developed four transgenic cotton lines expressing the fern protein.And those transgenic lines need to be evaluated for their performance against the target pest—whitefly.The evaluation was designed as controlled trials in polyhouse or muslin cloth cages under open-choice and no-choice conditions by comparing four transgenic cotton lines(A,B,C,and D)with three control groups,including untransformed cotton plants with a same genetic background of the transgenic line,conventionally bred whitefly-resistant cotton,and whitefly-susceptible cotton.In order to study the generational effect,the evaluation also involved studies on whitefly development in laboratory,muslin cloth cage,and polyhouse conditions.Results Both open-choice and no-choice experiments had shown that all the four transgenic cotton lines(A,B,C,and D)expressing the fern protein reduced adult whitefly numbers significantly compared with the control lines,except for the no-choice conditions in 2021,where the transgenic line C was non-significant different from the resistant control line.Notably,the nymphal population on the resistant control line was relatively low and nonsignificant different from the transgenic line C in 2021;and the transgenic lines A and C in 2022 under open-choice conditions.Under no-choice condition,the nymphal counts in the resistant control line was non-significant different from transgenic lines C and D in 2021;and transgenic line D in 2022.All transgenic lines showed significant decrease in egg hatching in 2021 and nymphal development in 2022,except for the transgenic line C which had no significant different in the nymphal development comparing with non-transgenic control lines in 2022.Adult emergence rates in both years of evaluation showed significant decrease in transgenic lines A and B comparing with the control lines.Additionally,the results showed a significant reduction in cotton leaf curl disease and sooty mold development in all the four transgenic lines compared with susceptible control under open-choice conditions,indicating potential benefits of transgenic lines beyond direct effect on whitefly control.Furthermore,the research explored the generational effects of the fern protein on whitefly which revealed the lowest fecundity in the transgenic line C across F0,F1 and F3 generations,lower egg hatching in F1 and F2 generations in transgenic lines A and B,shorter nymphal duration in F1 and F2 generations in transgenic line B,and the least total adult emergence in the transgenic line C in F0 and F3 generations.Conclusions These findings suggest that the transgenic cotton lines expressing fern protein disrupts whitefly populations and the life cycle to a certain extent.However,results are not consistent over generations and years of study,indicating these transgenic lines were not superior over control lines and need to be improved in future breeding.展开更多
The use of ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene(UHMWPE)composite in the design of lightweight protective equipment,has gained a lot of interest.However,there is an urgent need to understand the ballistic response ...The use of ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene(UHMWPE)composite in the design of lightweight protective equipment,has gained a lot of interest.However,there is an urgent need to understand the ballistic response mechanism and theoretical prediction model of performance.This paper explores the ballistic response mechanism of UHMWPE composite through experimental and simulation analyses.Then,a resistance-driven modeling method was proposed to establish a theoretical model for predicting the bulletproof performance.The ballistic response mechanism of UHMWPE composite encompassed three fundamental modes:local response,structural response,and coupled response.The occurrence ratio of these fundamental response modes during impact was dependent on the projectile velocity and laminate thickness.The bulletproof performance of laminate under different response modes was assessed based on the penetration depth of the projectile,the bulging height on the rear face of the laminate,the thickness of remaining sub-laminate,and residual velocity of the projectile.The absolute deviations of bulletproof performance indicator between theoretical value and experimental value were well within 11.13%,demonstrating that the established evaluation model possessed high degree of prediction accuracy.展开更多
To overcome the limitations of conventional approaches that adopt monolithic architectures and overlook critical dynamic interactions in evaluating combat effectiveness and subsystem contributions within amphibious op...To overcome the limitations of conventional approaches that adopt monolithic architectures and overlook critical dynamic interactions in evaluating combat effectiveness and subsystem contributions within amphibious operations,this paper proposes an integrated framework combining complex system network modeling with dynamic adversarial simulation for evaluating mission-critical system-of-systems(SoS).Specifically,the contribution rate of unmanned aerial vehicles(UAVs)to the amphibious joint landing SoS(AJLSoS)is quantified.Firstly,a standardized network topology model is developed using operation loop theory,systematically characterizing node functionalities and their interdependencies.Secondly,the ideal Lanchester equation is augmented according to the model’s static operational capability,and an amphibious operational simulation model is constructed based on the modified equation,enabling dynamic simulation of force attrition and engagement duration as key performance indicators of AJLSoS.To validate the theoretical framework,a battalion-level amphibious campaign scenario is developed to compute effectiveness metrics across multiple control scenarios and the contribution rate of UAVs to AJLSoS is analyzed.This study not only provides actionable insights for operational mission planning of UAVs in the context of amphibious operations but also demonstrates high adaptability to diverse operational contexts.展开更多
A machine learning-based APP may quickly and non-destructively evaluate the quality of parameters,such as hardness and anthocyanin content in blue honeysuckle berries(Lonicera caerulea L.,BHB),based on changes in peri...A machine learning-based APP may quickly and non-destructively evaluate the quality of parameters,such as hardness and anthocyanin content in blue honeysuckle berries(Lonicera caerulea L.,BHB),based on changes in pericarp color characteristics.The color feature information of the BHB pericarp was extracted,and the corresponding hardness and anthocyanin content were determined at various growing stages.Correlation analysis of BHB quality indexes was conducted by single and combined components of BHB epidermal color features.The results showed that fruit hardness had a significantly negative correlation with color feature parameter R-G,and its anthocyanin content had a significantly positive correlation with color feature parameter R.Comparing the eight models,random forest(RF)was established to evaluate the hardness and anthocyanin content of BHB according to the correlation between pericarp color features and hardness and anthocyanin content on BHB quality evaluation APP on the WeChat platform.The credibility of APP embedding RF model for evaluating hardness and anthocyanin content in BHB was validated with the determination coefficient of 0.89 and 0.93 in practice.This approach could efficiently and conveniently evaluate the quality indexes of BHB in real time and serve as a technical reference for the detection of quality indicators of other berries using smartphones.展开更多
To evaluate the effectiveness of weapon systems, the advantages and disadvantages of grey relational analysis and TOPSIS for multiattribute decision-making is pointed out, and an effectiveness evaluation model of weap...To evaluate the effectiveness of weapon systems, the advantages and disadvantages of grey relational analysis and TOPSIS for multiattribute decision-making is pointed out, and an effectiveness evaluation model of weapon systems by combining grey relational analysis and TOPSIS is proposed. The model aggregates the grey relational grade and the distance to a new integrated closeness and reflects not only the trend but also the situation of the alternative. The example illuminates that the model is effective for the effectiveness evaluation of weapon systems.展开更多
The weapons system portfolio selection problem arises at the equipment demonstration stage and deals with the military application requirements.Further,the contribution rate of the system is one of the important indic...The weapons system portfolio selection problem arises at the equipment demonstration stage and deals with the military application requirements.Further,the contribution rate of the system is one of the important indicators to evaluate the role of a system,which can facilitate the weapons system portfolio selection.Therefore,combining the system contribution rate with system portfolio selection is the focus of this study.It also focuses on calculating the contribution rates of multiple equipment systems with various types of capabilities.The contribution rate is measured by establishing a hierarchical multi-criteria value model from three dimensions.Based on the value model,the feasible portfolios are developed under certain cost constraints and the optimal weapons system portfolios are obtained by using the classification optimization selection strategy.Finally,an illustrative example is presented to verify the feasibility of the proposed model.展开更多
The clustering evaluation can be used to scientifically classify the objects to be evaluated according to the information aggregation of various evaluation rules. In grey weighted clustering evaluation, the index clus...The clustering evaluation can be used to scientifically classify the objects to be evaluated according to the information aggregation of various evaluation rules. In grey weighted clustering evaluation, the index clustering rule relies on the construction of the whitenization weight function, while the existing construction method of the linear function lacks the construction mechanism analysis and validity explanation. A normative construction principle is put forward by analyzing the construction mechanism of the function. Through proving the normative principle of the function,the basic modal function(BMF) is proposed and characterized by different function forms. Then, a new type of the whitenization weight function and its grey clustering evaluation model algorithm are given by studying the mechanism and nature of the construction of different forms of the function. Finally, the comparative study for self-innovation capability of defense science and technology industry(DSTI) is taken as an example. The results show that the different construction ways of the function have an effect on the clustering result. The proposed construction mechanism can better explain the index clustering rules and evaluation effectiveness,which will perfect the theoretical system of grey clustering evaluation and be applied to practice effectively.展开更多
Equipment systems-of-systems （SOS） effectiveness evaluation can provide important reference for construction and optimization of the equipment SoS. After discussing the basic theory and methods of parallel experimen...Equipment systems-of-systems （SOS） effectiveness evaluation can provide important reference for construction and optimization of the equipment SoS. After discussing the basic theory and methods of parallel experiments, we depict an SoS effectiveness analysis and evaluation method using parallel expe- riments theory in detail. A case study is carried out which takes the missile defense system as an example. An artificial system of the missile defense system is constructed with the multi-agent modeling method. Then, single factor, multiple factors and defense position deployment computational experiments are carried out and evaluated with the statistical analysis method. Experiment re- sults show that the altitude of the secondary interception missile is not the key factor which affects SoS effectiveness and putting the defense position ahead will increase defense effectiveness. The case study demonstrates the feasibility of the proposed method.展开更多
Taking a high-speed train in China as an example,using computer simulation technology and comparing with the test data,the three current methods including linear stability analysis method,nonlinear stability analysis ...Taking a high-speed train in China as an example,using computer simulation technology and comparing with the test data,the three current methods including linear stability analysis method,nonlinear stability analysis method and the field testing criterion are studied to evaluate stability of high-speed trains.A new stability evaluation method is proposed which can be used to evaluate lateral stability of high-speed vehicle based on the codes of UIC 515and UIC 518.From the viewpoint of taking the most unfavorable track conditions into account and improving the safety margin,the new method uses the root mean square of bogie lateral acceleration as a criterion to evaluate the lateral stability of high-speed trains.Numerical example shows that the proposed method not only considers the forced vibration caused by track irregularities in the actual practice,but also takes the instability self-excited vibration into account,so it can realize early warning of bogie slight unstable oscillation,meanwhile the method itself does not involve complex algorithms which has the possibility of engineering applications.展开更多
The condition of weightes non-dictatorship is extended and a comprehensive evaluae method emboding self-determinate which is combined with competitive view optimization principles is built. The basic process includes ...The condition of weightes non-dictatorship is extended and a comprehensive evaluae method emboding self-determinate which is combined with competitive view optimization principles is built. The basic process includes simulating the model of economic man＇s self-benefit bahaviors, taking the place of experts to evaluate, bringing in the model of minimizing the sum of included angles to integrate the information of multiple objects and put the objects in order finally. The method has the advangtages of less dependendence on the subjective information, plenty of information, fair process and simple caculating. Finally, an application example is given to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.展开更多
文摘Evaluating the adversarial robustness of classification algorithms in machine learning is a crucial domain.However,current methods lack measurable and interpretable metrics.To address this issue,this paper introduces a visual evaluation index named confidence centroid skewing quadrilateral,which is based on a classification confidence-based confusion matrix,offering a quantitative and visual comparison of the adversarial robustness among different classification algorithms,and enhances intuitiveness and interpretability of attack impacts.We first conduct a validity test and sensitive analysis of the method.Then,prove its effectiveness through the experiments of five classification algorithms including artificial neural network(ANN),logistic regression(LR),support vector machine(SVM),convolutional neural network(CNN)and transformer against three adversarial attacks such as fast gradient sign method(FGSM),DeepFool,and projected gradient descent(PGD)attack.
文摘Objective The essence of syndrome manifestation recognition in traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)is to infer the body’s latent pathogenesis state from clinical observational information,rather than to perform simple label matching.However,previous studies have largely modeled this task as syndrome pattern classification within a fixed label space,which does not adequately reflect the cognition process of TCM syndrome differentiation centered on pathogenesis reasoning,and is also insufficient to capture the openness,semantic variability,and cross-disease reusability of syndrome manifestation expression.This study aimed to investigate whether introducing pathogenesis reasoning chain-of-thought(PR-CoT)supervision into large language models(LLMs)could improve the quality and cognitive consistency of syndrome manifestation recognition and support cross-disease transfer.Methods Syndrome manifestation recognition was formulated as a conditional generation task under the framework of clinical observational information(X)→pathogenesis structure(Z)→syndrome pattern output(Y),where Z serves as an explicit intermediate structural variable linking the clinical evidence and syndrome judgment.Within this framework,a PR-CoT-supervised dataset for syndrome manifestation recognition was constructed based on medical case records of spleen-stomach disorders.After preprocessing,information extraction,manual proofreading,and data cleaning,the dataset comprised 4800 training cases,400 development cases,and 400 test cases.Each sample was annotated with a structured PR-CoT consisting of three progressive levels:clinical information summarization,comprehensive pathogenesis analysis,and syndrome pattern output.Supervised fine-tuning was conducted on open-source LLMs,with an end-to-end model serving as the baseline.Qwen3-32B was used as the primary experimental model,and Qwen3-14B as the scale comparison model.A progressive multidimensional evaluation framework was further established,comprising a structural parsing level,a semantic similarity level,and an expert blind review level.At the structural parsing level,syndrome pattern expressions were decomposed into structural elements and evaluated using Precision,Recall,F1 score,and Jaccard similarity.At the semantic similarity level,independent LLMs scored the theoretical proximity between predicted and reference syndrome patterns.At the expert blind review level,three TCM experts independently evaluated model outputs on two dimensions:syndrome differentiation consistency and terminology standardization of syndrome patterns.In addition,zero-shot cross-disease transfer evaluation was conducted on gynecological and heart-system disorder test sets.Results At the structural parsing level,PR-CoT supervision did not lead to a stable improvement in the element-wise overlap of syndrome pattern structural components.Compared with the corresponding baselines,neither Qwen3-32B nor Qwen3-14B showed consistent advantages in structural matching metrics after the introduction of PR-CoT supervision.In contrast,at the semantic similarity level,PR-CoT supervision produced stable positive gains across different model scales and evaluation systems.The average semantic score of Qwen3-32B increased from 6.4258 in the baseline model to 6.5850 after PR-CoT supervision,and that of Qwen3-14B increased from 5.8700 to 5.9642.At the expert blind review level,the overall score of Qwen3-32B(PR-CoT)was 7.0260±0.1077,higher than 6.4163±0.2889 for its baseline.In zero-shot cross-disease testing,the PR-CoT model still showed advantages in semantic evaluation and expert evaluation on both gynecological and heart-system disorder test sets,indicating a certain degree of transferability.Conclusion The benefits of PR-CoT supervision are mainly reflected in TCM semantic consistency and clinical plausibility,rather than in improved hard matching of structural elements.These findings support understanding syndrome manifestation recognition as a process of generating and expressing latent pathogenesis structures,rather than as a classification task within a traditional fixed label space.By introducing pathogenesis reasoning as an explicit intermediate structure into the modeling process and combining it with a progressive multidimensional evaluation framework,this study provides a methodological pathway for intelligent TCM syndrome differentiation that integrates theoretical alignment,interpretability,and multi-level evaluation.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundations of China(Grant No.52308522).
文摘Gravity-caisson wharves have been widely constructed in coastal and island regions, which are threaten by potential underwater explosions. This work aims to study the dynamic behaviors and propose a damage evaluation approach of caisson wharf against underwater explosion. Firstly, based on both the underwater explosion loading test and underwater explosion test on the reduced-scale caisson specimen, a high-fidelity finite element analysis approach for numerically reproduce the dynamic behaviors of prototype caisson wharves against underwater explosions was proposed and verified. Secondly, the underwater explosion loadings and dynamic behaviors of prototype caisson wharf (14.9 m×8.1 m×10.95 m) against sequential blast wave and bubble pulsation of typical torpedo with a charge weight of 200 kg were studied. The influences of the seabed and cabin infill materials, as well as the explosion standoff distances of 3.4–10.2 m and depths of burst between 1/4 and 3/4 of water depth, on the blast resistance of caisson wharf were further examined through deflection distributions of exterior wall, damage evolution, and overall displacement of caisson wharf. Finally, a performance evaluation approach for prototype caisson wharves against underwater explosions was proposed by comprehensively considering the bearing, storage, and berthing capabilities. The corresponding protective measures and design recommendations were further provided. It indicates that: (i) under the explosion of a typical torpedo, the damage modes of prototype caisson wharf mainly involve the overall vibration, spalling and cracking of the exterior wall, collapse of the upper operating platform and cracking of the top plate;(ii) the blast wave and cavitation zone generated between the bubble and the exterior wall are the two primary causes of damage to caisson wharf;(iii) compared to the saturated calcareous sand seabed, the assumption of rigid seabed underestimates the spalling on the exterior wall, which is not recommended for scenarios where cavitation zones may generate;(iv) rock rubble is the most effective infill material in improving the blast resistance of caisson wharf among four types of infill configurations, i.e., fully filled and half-filled saturated calcareous sand, rock rubble and pure water;(v) the standoff distance of 10.2 m is regarded as a secure protective range in the scenarios discussed currently. As the standoff distance decreases and the depth of burst increases, the spalling of the exterior wall induced by the cavitation intensifies, posing a great threat to the functionality of caisson wharf.
基金supported by the Major Projects for Science and Technology Innovation 2030(2018AAA0100805)National Natural Science Foundation of China(62373187).
文摘The evaluation of air combat decision-making has garnered significant attention due to its potential to effectively mitigate losses resulting from erroneous decisions.However,existing research primarily focuses on static evaluation methods.Therefore,this paper proposes a dynamic multi-round decision evaluation method based on the characteristics of multi-round unmanned aerial vehicle air combat under opponent’s optimal strategy.In order to determine objective weights,an improved multi-attribute decision making method is proposed,which incorporates the proximity as a correction coefficient for evaluation indicators,utilizing the cosine similarity instead of Euclidean distance,and incorporating both actual and theoretical objective weights to prevent data mutations.Subsequently,the game theory is employed to reasonably adjust subjective and objective weights to obtain comprehensive weights.To address the issues related to the ambiguity and randomness during the evaluation process,a reverse cloud generator is utilized to determine the center of gravity of the cloud model using comprehensive weights while employing the weighted deviation degree for evaluating air combat decision-making effectiveness.By activating the cloud generator through the cloud model,the optimal strategies for each round of air combat are determined,thereby completing the dynamic evaluations for multi-round sequential decision-making processes.Finally,the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed method are verified through simulations.
文摘The comprehensive evaluation of six properties for equipment product is an important basis for their quality control,and their correlative relationship among six properties will affect their quality level.To understand their correlative relationship among six properties,this paper firstly combines group evaluation with decision-making trial and evaluation laboratory(DEMATEL)model,and develops the optimization model based on group consensus to form six influent relationship matrices.Secondly,group consensus matrix is used to design super network hierarchy matrix,and the weights of six properties with relevant environment is also proposed.Thirdly,the elimination and choice translating reality(ELECTRE)model is used to make comprehensive evaluation,and an example is used to compare the results under two kinds of conditions,and illustrate the effect of the weights of six properties on the priority of equipment products.
基金Project(52274096)supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of ChinaProject(WS2023A03)supported by the State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base for Gas Geology and Gas Control,China。
文摘Accurate assessment of coal brittleness is crucial in the design of coal seam drilling and underground coal mining operations.This study proposes a method for evaluating the brittleness of gas-bearing coal based on a statistical damage constitutive model and energy evolution mechanisms.Initially,integrating the principle of effective stress and the Hoek-Brown criterion,a statistical damage constitutive model for gas-bearing coal is established and validated through triaxial compression tests under different gas pressures to verify its accuracy and applicability.Subsequently,employing energy evolution mechanism,two energy characteristic parameters(elastic energy proportion and dissipated energy proportion)are analyzed.Based on the damage stress thresholds,the damage evolution characteristics of gas bearing coal were explored.Finally,by integrating energy characteristic parameters with damage parameters,a novel brittleness index is proposed.The results demonstrate that the theoretical curves derived from the statistical damage constitutive model closely align with the test curves,accurately reflecting the stress−strain characteristics of gas-bearing coal and revealing the stress drop and softening characteristics of coal in the post-peak stage.The shape parameter and scale parameter represent the brittleness and macroscopic strength of the coal,respectively.As gas pressure increases from 1 to 5 MPa,the shape parameter and the scale parameter decrease by 22.18%and 60.45%,respectively,indicating a reduction in both brittleness and strength of the coal.Parameters such as maximum damage rate and peak elastic energy storage limit positively correlate with coal brittleness.The brittleness index effectively captures the brittleness characteristics and reveals a decrease in brittleness and an increase in sensitivity to plastic deformation under higher gas pressure conditions.
文摘With the increase of international trade activities and the gradual melting of the polar ice cap,the importance of the Arctic route for marine transportation has been emphasized.Prediction of the polar navigation window period is crucial for navigating in the Arctic route,which is of great significance to the selection of the route and the optimization of navigation.This paper introduces the establishment of a risk index system,determination of risk index weight,establishment of a risk evaluation model,and prediction algorithm for the window period.In addition,data sources of both environmental factors and ship factors are introducted,and their shortcomings are analyzed,followed by introduction of various methods involved in window prediction and analysis of their advantages and disadvantages.The quantitative risk evaluation and window period algorithm can provide a reference for the research of polar navigation window period prediction.
文摘To scientifically evaluate the restoration performance of ancient city walls,Terahertz time-domain spectroscopy(THz-TDS)and infrared thermal imaging technology were applied to assess the Desheng Fortress(Ming Dynasty).Three representative sections were examined:adobe brick masonry repaired(Area 1),well-preserved original(Area 2),and layer-by-layer ramming repaired(Area 3).THz spectral data revealed significant differences between Area 1(time delay:3.72 ps;refractive index:2.224)and Area 2(time delay:3.02 ps;refractive index:2.107),while Area 3(time delay:3.12 ps;refractive index:2.098)demonstrated nearly identical THz spectral data to Area 2.Infrared thermal imaging also showed that the Area 3 restored by layer-by-layer ramming exhibited greater uniformity with fewer instances of cracks,capillary phenomena,or biological diseases.The proposed point-surface integrated evaluation methodology synergistically combines infrared thermography mapping of heritage surfaces with THz spectral datasets acquired through in-situ micro-sampling,enabling quantitative restoration assessment and providing a novel approach for scientifically validating traditional conservation techniques.
文摘Sand production and high water content in oil wells are two major challenges that restrict high and stable production in loose sandstone reservoirs.In this paper,nano SiO_(2),coupling agent triethoxysilane,phenolic resin and n-octanol were used to synthesize the main agent SCA-2.Hexamethylenetetramine and vinyl carbonate were selected to prepare the curing agent YGA-1,which was then compounded with SCA-2 to develop a sand fixation and water plugging system.Firstly,single-factor experiments were conducted to determine the optimal concentrations of SCA-2 and YGA-1,subsequently,the system’s sand fixation and water blocking performance were evaluated.Finally,a pilot test was carried out in the mining site.Experimental results showed that the optimal formula composition of the system was 10%SCA-2+5%YGA-1.The gelation time of the system was 180 minutes and the viscosity after gelation could reach 108.4 mPa·s.When the dosage of the drug system was 0.6 PV,the sand production rate remained below 0.08%.Dual-tube parallel experiments showed that the sand fixation and water plugging system had a water flow channel plugging rate of 87.5%,while the oil flow channel plugging rate was only 11.3%,indicating minimal damage to the oil-bearing reservoir.The field test showed that after the measures taken in Well M of X oilfield,the sand free oil recovery period exceeded 360 days,the water content decreased by 5.0%and the cumulative oil production increased by 7092 m^(3).This study provides new ideas for efficient development of loose sandstone reservoirs.
文摘Background Transgenic research in crops involves using genetic engineering techniques to introduce specific genes of interest from other organisms,or even entirely new genes into plant genomes to create crops with desirable traits that wouldn’t be possible through conventional breeding methods.Transgenic crops have been developed for various traits globally.Whitefly,Bemisia tabaci(Gennadius)is one of the major sucking pests of cotton that cause significant damage to the cotton production.To combat whitefly infestations,researchers have developed four transgenic cotton lines expressing the fern protein.And those transgenic lines need to be evaluated for their performance against the target pest—whitefly.The evaluation was designed as controlled trials in polyhouse or muslin cloth cages under open-choice and no-choice conditions by comparing four transgenic cotton lines(A,B,C,and D)with three control groups,including untransformed cotton plants with a same genetic background of the transgenic line,conventionally bred whitefly-resistant cotton,and whitefly-susceptible cotton.In order to study the generational effect,the evaluation also involved studies on whitefly development in laboratory,muslin cloth cage,and polyhouse conditions.Results Both open-choice and no-choice experiments had shown that all the four transgenic cotton lines(A,B,C,and D)expressing the fern protein reduced adult whitefly numbers significantly compared with the control lines,except for the no-choice conditions in 2021,where the transgenic line C was non-significant different from the resistant control line.Notably,the nymphal population on the resistant control line was relatively low and nonsignificant different from the transgenic line C in 2021;and the transgenic lines A and C in 2022 under open-choice conditions.Under no-choice condition,the nymphal counts in the resistant control line was non-significant different from transgenic lines C and D in 2021;and transgenic line D in 2022.All transgenic lines showed significant decrease in egg hatching in 2021 and nymphal development in 2022,except for the transgenic line C which had no significant different in the nymphal development comparing with non-transgenic control lines in 2022.Adult emergence rates in both years of evaluation showed significant decrease in transgenic lines A and B comparing with the control lines.Additionally,the results showed a significant reduction in cotton leaf curl disease and sooty mold development in all the four transgenic lines compared with susceptible control under open-choice conditions,indicating potential benefits of transgenic lines beyond direct effect on whitefly control.Furthermore,the research explored the generational effects of the fern protein on whitefly which revealed the lowest fecundity in the transgenic line C across F0,F1 and F3 generations,lower egg hatching in F1 and F2 generations in transgenic lines A and B,shorter nymphal duration in F1 and F2 generations in transgenic line B,and the least total adult emergence in the transgenic line C in F0 and F3 generations.Conclusions These findings suggest that the transgenic cotton lines expressing fern protein disrupts whitefly populations and the life cycle to a certain extent.However,results are not consistent over generations and years of study,indicating these transgenic lines were not superior over control lines and need to be improved in future breeding.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development of China(Grant No.2022YFB4601901)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.12122202)。
文摘The use of ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene(UHMWPE)composite in the design of lightweight protective equipment,has gained a lot of interest.However,there is an urgent need to understand the ballistic response mechanism and theoretical prediction model of performance.This paper explores the ballistic response mechanism of UHMWPE composite through experimental and simulation analyses.Then,a resistance-driven modeling method was proposed to establish a theoretical model for predicting the bulletproof performance.The ballistic response mechanism of UHMWPE composite encompassed three fundamental modes:local response,structural response,and coupled response.The occurrence ratio of these fundamental response modes during impact was dependent on the projectile velocity and laminate thickness.The bulletproof performance of laminate under different response modes was assessed based on the penetration depth of the projectile,the bulging height on the rear face of the laminate,the thickness of remaining sub-laminate,and residual velocity of the projectile.The absolute deviations of bulletproof performance indicator between theoretical value and experimental value were well within 11.13%,demonstrating that the established evaluation model possessed high degree of prediction accuracy.
文摘To overcome the limitations of conventional approaches that adopt monolithic architectures and overlook critical dynamic interactions in evaluating combat effectiveness and subsystem contributions within amphibious operations,this paper proposes an integrated framework combining complex system network modeling with dynamic adversarial simulation for evaluating mission-critical system-of-systems(SoS).Specifically,the contribution rate of unmanned aerial vehicles(UAVs)to the amphibious joint landing SoS(AJLSoS)is quantified.Firstly,a standardized network topology model is developed using operation loop theory,systematically characterizing node functionalities and their interdependencies.Secondly,the ideal Lanchester equation is augmented according to the model’s static operational capability,and an amphibious operational simulation model is constructed based on the modified equation,enabling dynamic simulation of force attrition and engagement duration as key performance indicators of AJLSoS.To validate the theoretical framework,a battalion-level amphibious campaign scenario is developed to compute effectiveness metrics across multiple control scenarios and the contribution rate of UAVs to AJLSoS is analyzed.This study not only provides actionable insights for operational mission planning of UAVs in the context of amphibious operations but also demonstrates high adaptability to diverse operational contexts.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32072352)the National Key Research and Development Program Project of China(2022YFD1600500)。
文摘A machine learning-based APP may quickly and non-destructively evaluate the quality of parameters,such as hardness and anthocyanin content in blue honeysuckle berries(Lonicera caerulea L.,BHB),based on changes in pericarp color characteristics.The color feature information of the BHB pericarp was extracted,and the corresponding hardness and anthocyanin content were determined at various growing stages.Correlation analysis of BHB quality indexes was conducted by single and combined components of BHB epidermal color features.The results showed that fruit hardness had a significantly negative correlation with color feature parameter R-G,and its anthocyanin content had a significantly positive correlation with color feature parameter R.Comparing the eight models,random forest(RF)was established to evaluate the hardness and anthocyanin content of BHB according to the correlation between pericarp color features and hardness and anthocyanin content on BHB quality evaluation APP on the WeChat platform.The credibility of APP embedding RF model for evaluating hardness and anthocyanin content in BHB was validated with the determination coefficient of 0.89 and 0.93 in practice.This approach could efficiently and conveniently evaluate the quality indexes of BHB in real time and serve as a technical reference for the detection of quality indicators of other berries using smartphones.
文摘To evaluate the effectiveness of weapon systems, the advantages and disadvantages of grey relational analysis and TOPSIS for multiattribute decision-making is pointed out, and an effectiveness evaluation model of weapon systems by combining grey relational analysis and TOPSIS is proposed. The model aggregates the grey relational grade and the distance to a new integrated closeness and reflects not only the trend but also the situation of the alternative. The example illuminates that the model is effective for the effectiveness evaluation of weapon systems.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(2017YFC1405005)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(71690233)
文摘The weapons system portfolio selection problem arises at the equipment demonstration stage and deals with the military application requirements.Further,the contribution rate of the system is one of the important indicators to evaluate the role of a system,which can facilitate the weapons system portfolio selection.Therefore,combining the system contribution rate with system portfolio selection is the focus of this study.It also focuses on calculating the contribution rates of multiple equipment systems with various types of capabilities.The contribution rate is measured by establishing a hierarchical multi-criteria value model from three dimensions.Based on the value model,the feasible portfolios are developed under certain cost constraints and the optimal weapons system portfolios are obtained by using the classification optimization selection strategy.Finally,an illustrative example is presented to verify the feasibility of the proposed model.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(71671090)the Aeronautical Science Foundation of China(2016ZG52068)+1 种基金the Liberal Arts and Social Sciences Foundation of the Ministry of Education(MOE)in China(15YJCZH189)the Qinglan Project for Excellent Youth or Middle-aged Academic Leaders in Jiangsu Province
文摘The clustering evaluation can be used to scientifically classify the objects to be evaluated according to the information aggregation of various evaluation rules. In grey weighted clustering evaluation, the index clustering rule relies on the construction of the whitenization weight function, while the existing construction method of the linear function lacks the construction mechanism analysis and validity explanation. A normative construction principle is put forward by analyzing the construction mechanism of the function. Through proving the normative principle of the function,the basic modal function(BMF) is proposed and characterized by different function forms. Then, a new type of the whitenization weight function and its grey clustering evaluation model algorithm are given by studying the mechanism and nature of the construction of different forms of the function. Finally, the comparative study for self-innovation capability of defense science and technology industry(DSTI) is taken as an example. The results show that the different construction ways of the function have an effect on the clustering result. The proposed construction mechanism can better explain the index clustering rules and evaluation effectiveness,which will perfect the theoretical system of grey clustering evaluation and be applied to practice effectively.
文摘Equipment systems-of-systems （SOS） effectiveness evaluation can provide important reference for construction and optimization of the equipment SoS. After discussing the basic theory and methods of parallel experiments, we depict an SoS effectiveness analysis and evaluation method using parallel expe- riments theory in detail. A case study is carried out which takes the missile defense system as an example. An artificial system of the missile defense system is constructed with the multi-agent modeling method. Then, single factor, multiple factors and defense position deployment computational experiments are carried out and evaluated with the statistical analysis method. Experiment re- sults show that the altitude of the secondary interception missile is not the key factor which affects SoS effectiveness and putting the defense position ahead will increase defense effectiveness. The case study demonstrates the feasibility of the proposed method.
基金Science and technology research and development program of the Ministry of Railways(1219YF1305)
文摘Taking a high-speed train in China as an example,using computer simulation technology and comparing with the test data,the three current methods including linear stability analysis method,nonlinear stability analysis method and the field testing criterion are studied to evaluate stability of high-speed trains.A new stability evaluation method is proposed which can be used to evaluate lateral stability of high-speed vehicle based on the codes of UIC 515and UIC 518.From the viewpoint of taking the most unfavorable track conditions into account and improving the safety margin,the new method uses the root mean square of bogie lateral acceleration as a criterion to evaluate the lateral stability of high-speed trains.Numerical example shows that the proposed method not only considers the forced vibration caused by track irregularities in the actual practice,but also takes the instability self-excited vibration into account,so it can realize early warning of bogie slight unstable oscillation,meanwhile the method itself does not involve complex algorithms which has the possibility of engineering applications.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(70801013)LNSTF for doc-tor(20081020).
文摘The condition of weightes non-dictatorship is extended and a comprehensive evaluae method emboding self-determinate which is combined with competitive view optimization principles is built. The basic process includes simulating the model of economic man＇s self-benefit bahaviors, taking the place of experts to evaluate, bringing in the model of minimizing the sum of included angles to integrate the information of multiple objects and put the objects in order finally. The method has the advangtages of less dependendence on the subjective information, plenty of information, fair process and simple caculating. Finally, an application example is given to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.
