In this research, the evapotranspiration （ET） of three native vegetation communities were measured using drainage lysime- ters in the Taihang Mountain area, China. They are a local grass, Themedajaponica, a local sh...In this research, the evapotranspiration （ET） of three native vegetation communities were measured using drainage lysime- ters in the Taihang Mountain area, China. They are a local grass, Themedajaponica, a local shrub, Vitex negundo var. heterophylla Rebd. and a mixture of both communities. The ET was measured using level lysimeters （with a slope of 0°） and slope lysimeters （with a slope of 25°）. In general, the measured ET was higher in the level lysimeters than in the slope lysimeters because of the water loss of surface runoff from the slope lysimeter. The total ETs over the growing season for the grass, shrub, and the mixture were 730.4, 742.0 and 790.7 mm, respectively in the level lysimeters, and 535.5, 504.1 and 540.1 mm, respectively in the slope lysimeters. In addition, the monthly ET peaked in August and had close linear relationship with leaf area index. The drainage lysimeter is an effective tool to estimate plant ET in mountain areas. The results from this research would provide scientific information for the vegetation recovery and sustainable development of forestry in the TM areas.展开更多
Surface area is a fundamental parameter derived from terrain analysis in geographical information systems （GIS） for modeling the real world. Therefore, an evaluation of the techniques implemented by GIS models is im...Surface area is a fundamental parameter derived from terrain analysis in geographical information systems （GIS） for modeling the real world. Therefore, an evaluation of the techniques implemented by GIS models is important in order to obtain reliable area measurements. The study compares two raster-based methods with a TIN-based （triangulated irregular network） method for surface area approximation using a digital elevation model （DEM） with 25 m × 25 m resolution in six mountain regions of Shandong Province, China. Raster-based method I calculates surface-area grids from DEMs directly. Eight 3-dimensional triangles connecting the center point of each cell with the center points of the eight surrounding cells are generated and then the areas of the portions of each triangle that lay within the cell boundary are calculated and summed. Raster-based method Ⅱ produces the surface area of each cell directly from the pixel size and the slope value for the pixel. The results demonstrate that the surface areas calculated by rasterbased method I are equal to those of the TIN-based method. The results of raster-based method Ⅱ are the lowest but the difference in areas between the two raster-based methods decreases with the decrease in terrain complexity. Compared to the method with TINs, raster-based method II can do better because it has some advantages, such as neighborhood analysis, more consistent output and faster processing speed. The results also demonstrate that the difference between surface and horizontal areas should be considered if more than 30% of the area of a region has slopes steeper than 18.2 degrees.展开更多
We studied infiltration and fractal mechanisms on sloping farmlands in a small watershed in Shandong Province in the rocky mountain areas of northern China.We studied soil fraction and soil water retention curves,and ...We studied infiltration and fractal mechanisms on sloping farmlands in a small watershed in Shandong Province in the rocky mountain areas of northern China.We studied soil fraction and soil water retention curves,and developed a soil infiltration model to analyze its quantitative relationship with soil particle size and pore dimensions under four types of land use,including sloping farmland,abandoned land,natural forest,and forest plantation(Malus pumila,Crataegus pinnatifida).Soil stability infiltration rate ranked as sloping farmland>abandoned land>natural forest>forest plantation.The sequence of soil particle size and pore dimension ranked as natural forest>forest plantation>abandoned land>sloping farmland.There were significant positive correlations between soil particle size and pore dimension,and both were positively correlated with the percent volume of silt and clay.They were negatively correlated with soil infiltration rate.The Horton model and the power function model were more suitable for simulating soil infiltration and the infiltration rate.We concluded that the soil in this area displayed typical fragments of rocky mountainous regions due to the loss of silt and clay caused by cultivation on sloping farmland.The uniformity and fractal dimensions of soil particle sizes and pore distribution decreased,thereby enhancing soil infiltration capacity and decreasing soil water retention capacity.展开更多
The biodiversity was studied in 26 communities with different structures in Maoershan National Park and Liangshui Natural Reserve of Northeast Forestry University in Heilongjiang Province, China. Composition index （C...The biodiversity was studied in 26 communities with different structures in Maoershan National Park and Liangshui Natural Reserve of Northeast Forestry University in Heilongjiang Province, China. Composition index （CI） was taken as a parameter to quantify the community dynamics, which can nicely describe forest community dynamics, meanwhile, the relationship between diversity and community dynamics were also investigated and analyzed. Results showed that the total number species of community, richness, evenness, and Shannon-Wiener diversity index were obviously different in every community. The richness decreased with the increasing CI of every community, which means richness was in inverse proportion to community dynamics. The Shannon-Wiener index of every community increased from the initial stage to the middle stage of succession, and then decreased in the climax stage. The coverage weighted foliage-height diversity index increased along with the increase of CI, which was similar as the oattem diversity.展开更多
Riparian areas are unique although often small component of the overall watershed landscape. The structure of riparian forests along Erdaobai River on the north slope of Changbai Mountain were investigated by using fi...Riparian areas are unique although often small component of the overall watershed landscape. The structure of riparian forests along Erdaobai River on the north slope of Changbai Mountain were investigated by using field data collected from eight sampling transects perpendicular to the Erdaobai River channel. Two kinds of species-area saturation curves were used to examine the relationship between species number and minimum sampling area. The results showed that riparian gymnosperms accounted for a high proportion of all gymnosperms in the Changbai Mountain Nature Reserve while riparian ferns and angiosperms accounted for a relatively low proportion. The average minimum sampling areas of riparian forest that included 60%, 80%, and 90% of the community species pool were about 85, 185, and 328 m 2 , respectively; while those for nonriparian forest were about 275, 390, and 514 m 2 , correspondingly.展开更多
With the expansion of mountainous cities,many gully areas have been included in the scope of urban construction land.These gully areas will restrict urban construction because of sensitivity and instability caused by ...With the expansion of mountainous cities,many gully areas have been included in the scope of urban construction land.These gully areas will restrict urban construction because of sensitivity and instability caused by the unique ecological processes.This paper attempts to explore a planning and design strategy that combines ecological processes to reduce the risk of urban construction in gully areas.According to the ecological characteristics of gully areas,especially its suitability for urban construction,gully areas can be divided into three categories in the mountainous city:prevention and controlling gully—focusing on gully drainage;conservation gully—focusing on the construction of green space;utilization type gully—focusing on the development of gully towns.The utilization type gully can be used as urban construction land.For utilization type gullies,horizontal and vertical segmented planning strategies can adopt their respective ecological processes by land utilization,landscape construction,spatial layout and traffic organization matching the time-space natural process to form harmony human settlements.展开更多
In this paper,questionnaires about college tea culture and humanism spirit have been investigated in the undergraduates of Hebei Agricultural University in mountainous area of Northern China.After analyzing the survey...In this paper,questionnaires about college tea culture and humanism spirit have been investigated in the undergraduates of Hebei Agricultural University in mountainous area of Northern China.After analyzing the survey results and the causes,the author made references and gave recommendations to the university students about the tea culture and humanism spirit cultivation.展开更多
再分析数据集对于水文模拟和可靠的水资源管理具有吸引力,特别是对于气象资料匮乏的地区。研究以黄河源为研究区,使用中国大气同化驱动数据集(the China Meteorological Assimilation Driving Datasets for the SWAT Model,CMADS)驱动SW...再分析数据集对于水文模拟和可靠的水资源管理具有吸引力,特别是对于气象资料匮乏的地区。研究以黄河源为研究区,使用中国大气同化驱动数据集(the China Meteorological Assimilation Driving Datasets for the SWAT Model,CMADS)驱动SWAT(Soil and Water Assessment Tool)模型进行日尺度径流模拟并使用SWAT-CUP(SWAT Calibration and Uncertainty Program)和SUFI-2(Sequential Uncertainty Fitting-2)算法进行率定和验证,评估CMADS的精度及其对黄河源区水文模拟的适用性。结果表明:(1)CMADS在黄河源区的日尺度气温精度非常高,与流域内8个气象站实测数据的相关系数均在0.95以上。汛期日降水精度令人满意,相对误差基本在±10%之间,非汛期的日降水精度差,相对误差基本在-30%到-50%之间。(2)SWAT模型在黄河源区水文模拟的适用性非常强,利用气象站观测数据驱动SWAT模型得到率定期和验证期的NSE、R2、PBIAS、RSR和KGE各项评价指标等级均为非常好。(3)采用两种方法对CMADS水文模拟适用性进行评估。方法一是用CMADS驱动SWAT模型率定和验证并进行水文模拟;方法二是用CMADS驱动已经用实测气象数据率定好最佳参数的SWAT模型进行水文模拟。结果发现,CMADS在黄河源区水文模拟与实测流量相关性高,但是容易低估流量,总体来看,CMADS在黄河源区水文模拟适用性不错,其中方法一比方法二的水文模拟效果好。研究的结果证明CMADS可为气象资料稀缺的高寒山区提供较为可靠的数据来源,为扩大水文模拟的时间和空间尺度提供了可能。展开更多
基金supported by the national Knowledge Innovation Project (KIP) at the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) (No. KZCX2-YW-Q06-2)Project of Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, CAS (No. KZCX3-SW-NA3-29)
文摘In this research, the evapotranspiration （ET） of three native vegetation communities were measured using drainage lysime- ters in the Taihang Mountain area, China. They are a local grass, Themedajaponica, a local shrub, Vitex negundo var. heterophylla Rebd. and a mixture of both communities. The ET was measured using level lysimeters （with a slope of 0°） and slope lysimeters （with a slope of 25°）. In general, the measured ET was higher in the level lysimeters than in the slope lysimeters because of the water loss of surface runoff from the slope lysimeter. The total ETs over the growing season for the grass, shrub, and the mixture were 730.4, 742.0 and 790.7 mm, respectively in the level lysimeters, and 535.5, 504.1 and 540.1 mm, respectively in the slope lysimeters. In addition, the monthly ET peaked in August and had close linear relationship with leaf area index. The drainage lysimeter is an effective tool to estimate plant ET in mountain areas. The results from this research would provide scientific information for the vegetation recovery and sustainable development of forestry in the TM areas.
基金supported by the Special Fund of the Ministry of Land and Resources of China for Sciences and Technology Research in the Public Interst (Grant No. 201011006)
文摘Surface area is a fundamental parameter derived from terrain analysis in geographical information systems （GIS） for modeling the real world. Therefore, an evaluation of the techniques implemented by GIS models is important in order to obtain reliable area measurements. The study compares two raster-based methods with a TIN-based （triangulated irregular network） method for surface area approximation using a digital elevation model （DEM） with 25 m × 25 m resolution in six mountain regions of Shandong Province, China. Raster-based method I calculates surface-area grids from DEMs directly. Eight 3-dimensional triangles connecting the center point of each cell with the center points of the eight surrounding cells are generated and then the areas of the portions of each triangle that lay within the cell boundary are calculated and summed. Raster-based method Ⅱ produces the surface area of each cell directly from the pixel size and the slope value for the pixel. The results demonstrate that the surface areas calculated by rasterbased method I are equal to those of the TIN-based method. The results of raster-based method Ⅱ are the lowest but the difference in areas between the two raster-based methods decreases with the decrease in terrain complexity. Compared to the method with TINs, raster-based method II can do better because it has some advantages, such as neighborhood analysis, more consistent output and faster processing speed. The results also demonstrate that the difference between surface and horizontal areas should be considered if more than 30% of the area of a region has slopes steeper than 18.2 degrees.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31070627)the Research and Demonstration on the Key Technology of Vegetation Restoration and Reconstruction in the Open Pit of in Eastern Shandong Hilly Area(201504406)。
文摘We studied infiltration and fractal mechanisms on sloping farmlands in a small watershed in Shandong Province in the rocky mountain areas of northern China.We studied soil fraction and soil water retention curves,and developed a soil infiltration model to analyze its quantitative relationship with soil particle size and pore dimensions under four types of land use,including sloping farmland,abandoned land,natural forest,and forest plantation(Malus pumila,Crataegus pinnatifida).Soil stability infiltration rate ranked as sloping farmland>abandoned land>natural forest>forest plantation.The sequence of soil particle size and pore dimension ranked as natural forest>forest plantation>abandoned land>sloping farmland.There were significant positive correlations between soil particle size and pore dimension,and both were positively correlated with the percent volume of silt and clay.They were negatively correlated with soil infiltration rate.The Horton model and the power function model were more suitable for simulating soil infiltration and the infiltration rate.We concluded that the soil in this area displayed typical fragments of rocky mountainous regions due to the loss of silt and clay caused by cultivation on sloping farmland.The uniformity and fractal dimensions of soil particle sizes and pore distribution decreased,thereby enhancing soil infiltration capacity and decreasing soil water retention capacity.
基金The paper was supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (39899370).
文摘The biodiversity was studied in 26 communities with different structures in Maoershan National Park and Liangshui Natural Reserve of Northeast Forestry University in Heilongjiang Province, China. Composition index （CI） was taken as a parameter to quantify the community dynamics, which can nicely describe forest community dynamics, meanwhile, the relationship between diversity and community dynamics were also investigated and analyzed. Results showed that the total number species of community, richness, evenness, and Shannon-Wiener diversity index were obviously different in every community. The richness decreased with the increasing CI of every community, which means richness was in inverse proportion to community dynamics. The Shannon-Wiener index of every community increased from the initial stage to the middle stage of succession, and then decreased in the climax stage. The coverage weighted foliage-height diversity index increased along with the increase of CI, which was similar as the oattem diversity.
基金supported by the Ministry of Science and Technology of the People's Republic of China (2006BAD03A09)the Special Fund of State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology
文摘Riparian areas are unique although often small component of the overall watershed landscape. The structure of riparian forests along Erdaobai River on the north slope of Changbai Mountain were investigated by using field data collected from eight sampling transects perpendicular to the Erdaobai River channel. Two kinds of species-area saturation curves were used to examine the relationship between species number and minimum sampling area. The results showed that riparian gymnosperms accounted for a high proportion of all gymnosperms in the Changbai Mountain Nature Reserve while riparian ferns and angiosperms accounted for a relatively low proportion. The average minimum sampling areas of riparian forest that included 60%, 80%, and 90% of the community species pool were about 85, 185, and 328 m 2 , respectively; while those for nonriparian forest were about 275, 390, and 514 m 2 , correspondingly.
基金supported by the Visiting Scholar Foundation of Key Laboratory of New Technology for Construction of Cities in Mountain Area in Chongqing University, China
基金supported by National Key R&D Program of China“Optimization Technology for Urban New District Planning and Design(Grant No.2018YFC0704600)”
文摘With the expansion of mountainous cities,many gully areas have been included in the scope of urban construction land.These gully areas will restrict urban construction because of sensitivity and instability caused by the unique ecological processes.This paper attempts to explore a planning and design strategy that combines ecological processes to reduce the risk of urban construction in gully areas.According to the ecological characteristics of gully areas,especially its suitability for urban construction,gully areas can be divided into three categories in the mountainous city:prevention and controlling gully—focusing on gully drainage;conservation gully—focusing on the construction of green space;utilization type gully—focusing on the development of gully towns.The utilization type gully can be used as urban construction land.For utilization type gullies,horizontal and vertical segmented planning strategies can adopt their respective ecological processes by land utilization,landscape construction,spatial layout and traffic organization matching the time-space natural process to form harmony human settlements.
基金financially supported by 2013 annual provincial scientific and technological projectTaihang Mountainous high-quality tea cultivation and technology promotion research (project number:13236405D)
文摘In this paper,questionnaires about college tea culture and humanism spirit have been investigated in the undergraduates of Hebei Agricultural University in mountainous area of Northern China.After analyzing the survey results and the causes,the author made references and gave recommendations to the university students about the tea culture and humanism spirit cultivation.
文摘再分析数据集对于水文模拟和可靠的水资源管理具有吸引力,特别是对于气象资料匮乏的地区。研究以黄河源为研究区,使用中国大气同化驱动数据集(the China Meteorological Assimilation Driving Datasets for the SWAT Model,CMADS)驱动SWAT(Soil and Water Assessment Tool)模型进行日尺度径流模拟并使用SWAT-CUP(SWAT Calibration and Uncertainty Program)和SUFI-2(Sequential Uncertainty Fitting-2)算法进行率定和验证,评估CMADS的精度及其对黄河源区水文模拟的适用性。结果表明:(1)CMADS在黄河源区的日尺度气温精度非常高,与流域内8个气象站实测数据的相关系数均在0.95以上。汛期日降水精度令人满意,相对误差基本在±10%之间,非汛期的日降水精度差,相对误差基本在-30%到-50%之间。(2)SWAT模型在黄河源区水文模拟的适用性非常强,利用气象站观测数据驱动SWAT模型得到率定期和验证期的NSE、R2、PBIAS、RSR和KGE各项评价指标等级均为非常好。(3)采用两种方法对CMADS水文模拟适用性进行评估。方法一是用CMADS驱动SWAT模型率定和验证并进行水文模拟;方法二是用CMADS驱动已经用实测气象数据率定好最佳参数的SWAT模型进行水文模拟。结果发现,CMADS在黄河源区水文模拟与实测流量相关性高,但是容易低估流量,总体来看,CMADS在黄河源区水文模拟适用性不错,其中方法一比方法二的水文模拟效果好。研究的结果证明CMADS可为气象资料稀缺的高寒山区提供较为可靠的数据来源,为扩大水文模拟的时间和空间尺度提供了可能。
