A jet mill bit(JMB)is proposed to increase the drilling efficiency and safety of horizontal wells,which has the hydraulic characteristics of depressurization and cuttings cleaning.This paper fills the gap in the hydra...A jet mill bit(JMB)is proposed to increase the drilling efficiency and safety of horizontal wells,which has the hydraulic characteristics of depressurization and cuttings cleaning.This paper fills the gap in the hydraulic study of the JMB by focusing on the hydraulic modeling and optimization of the JMB and considering these two hydraulic characteristics.First,the hydraulic depressurization model and the hydraulic cuttings cleaning model of the JMB are developed respectively.In the models,the pressure ratio and efficiency are chosen as the evaluation parameters of the depressurization capacity of the JMB,and the jet hydraulic power and jet impact force are chosen as the evaluation parameters of cuttings cleaning capacity of the JMB.Second,based on the hydraulic models,the effects of model parameters[friction loss coefficient,target inclination angle,rate of penetration(ROP),flow ratio,and well depth]on the hydraulic performance of the JMB are investigated.The results show that an increase in the friction loss coefficient and target inclination angle cause a significant reduction in the hydraulic depressurization capacity,and the effect of ROP is negligible.The flow ratio is positively related to the hydraulic cuttings cleaning capacity,and the well depth determines the maximum hydraulic cuttings cleaning capacity.Finally,by combining the hydraulic depressurization model and hydraulic cuttings cleaning model,an optimization method of JMB hydraulics is proposed to simultaneously maximize the jet depressurization capacity and the cuttings cleaning capacity.According to the drilling parameters given,the optimal values of the drilling fluid flow rate,backward nozzle diameter,forward nozzle diameter,and throat diameter can be determined.Moreover,a case study is conducted to verify the effectiveness of the optimization method.展开更多
Evaluating the physical mechanisms that link hydraulic fracturing(HF) operations to induced earthquakes and the anticipated form of the resulting events is significant in informing subsurface fluid injection operation...Evaluating the physical mechanisms that link hydraulic fracturing(HF) operations to induced earthquakes and the anticipated form of the resulting events is significant in informing subsurface fluid injection operations. Current understanding supports the overriding role of the effective stress magnitude in triggering earthquakes, while the impact of change rate of effective stress has not been systematically addressed. In this work, a modified critical stiffness was brought up to investigate the likelihood, impact,and mitigation of induced seismicity during and after hydraulic fracturing by developing a poroelastic model based on rate-and-state fraction law and linear stability analysis. In the new criterion, the change rate of effective stress was considered a key variable to explore the evolution of this criterion and hence the likelihood of instability slip of fault. A coupled fluid flow-deformation model was used to represent the entire hydraulic fracturing process in COMSOL Multiphysics. The possibility of triggering an earthquake throughout the entire hydraulic fracturing process, from fracturing to cessation, was investigated considering different fault locations, orientations, and positions along the fault. The competition between the effects of the magnitude and change rate of effective stress was notable at each fracturing stage. The effective stress magnitude is a significant controlling factor during fracturing events, with the change rate dominating when fracturing is suddenly started or stopped. Instability dominates when the magnitude of the effective stress increases(constant injection at each fracturing stage) and the change rate of effective stress decreases(the injection process is suddenly stopped). Fracturing with a high injection rate, a fault adjacent to the hydraulic fracturing location and the position of the junction between the reservoir and fault are important to reduce the Coulomb failure stress(CFS) and enhance the critical stiffness as the significant disturbance of stresses at these positions in the coupled process. Therefore,notable attention should be given to the injection rate during fracturing, fault position, and position along faults as important considerations to help reduce the potential for induced seismicity. Our model was verified and confirmed using the case of the Longmaxi Formation in the Sichuan Basin, China, in which the reported microseismic data were correlated with high critical stiffness values. This work supplies new thoughts of the seismic risk associated with HF engineering.展开更多
Vertical height growth of hydraulic fractures(HFs)can unexpectedly penetrate a stratigraphic interface and propagate into neighboring layers,thereby resulting in low gas-production efficiency and high risk of groundwa...Vertical height growth of hydraulic fractures(HFs)can unexpectedly penetrate a stratigraphic interface and propagate into neighboring layers,thereby resulting in low gas-production efficiency and high risk of groundwater contamination or fault reactivation.Understanding of hydraulic fracture behavior at the interface is of pivotal importance for the successful development of layered reservoirs.In this paper,a twodimensional analytical model was developed to examine HF penetration and termination behavior at an orthogonal interface between two dissimilar materials.This model involves changes in the stress singularity ahead of the HF tip,which may alter at the formation interface due to material heterogeneity.Three critical stress conditions were considered to assess possible fracture behavior(i.e.,crossing,slippage,and opening)at the interface.Then,this model was verified by comparing its theoretical predictions to numerical simulations and three independent experiments.Good agreement with the simulation results and experimental data was observed,which shows the validity and reliability of this model.Finally,a parametric study was conducted to investigate the effects of key formation parameters(elastic modulus,Poisson’s ratio,and fracture toughness)between adjacent layers.These results indicate that the variation in the introduced parameters can limit or promote vertical HF growth by redistributing the induced normal and shear stresses at the interface.Among the three studied parameters,Poisson’s ratio has the least influence on the formation interface.When the fracture toughness and elastic modulus of the bounding layer are larger than those of the pay zone layer,the influence of fracture toughness will dominate the HF behavior at the interface;otherwise,the HF behavior will more likely be influenced by elastic modulus.展开更多
In solving a response function by the boundary element method, the use of the singular valued method and the Laplace transform in a time domain makes the solving process be simplified and the result be accurate. The r...In solving a response function by the boundary element method, the use of the singular valued method and the Laplace transform in a time domain makes the solving process be simplified and the result be accurate. The restricted condition matrix formed by the response matrix method is much smaller than that by embedding method. In addition, the response function may realize directly the management decision making. So it is efficient for establishing and solving hydraulics management models.展开更多
To investigate the steady thermal hydraulic characteristics of U-tube steam generator(SG), a 1D simulation code based on the four-equation drift flux model is developed. The U-tube channels presumably consist mainly o...To investigate the steady thermal hydraulic characteristics of U-tube steam generator(SG), a 1D simulation code based on the four-equation drift flux model is developed. The U-tube channels presumably consist mainly of the primary channel, secondary channel, and tube wall. In the sub-cooling regions of the primary and secondary channels, flow is simulated using the single-phase flow model, whereas that in the boiling regions of the secondary channels is simulated using the four-equation drift flux model. The first-order equations of upwind difference are derived based on the staggered grid. Steady-state thermal hydraulic parameters are obtained with a cross-iteration scheme of heat balance and natural circulation requirement. The developed code is applied to analyze the SG behavior of the Qinshan I Nuclear Power Plant under 100%, 75%, 50%, 30%, and 15% power conditions. Analysis results are then compared with the simulation results obtained using RELAP5.展开更多
基金financially supported by Youth Project of Natural Science Basic Research Program of Shaanxi Province(Grant number:2023-JC-QN-0538)Scientifical Research Program for Youth Innovation Team Construction of Shaanxi Provincial Department of Education(Grant number:21JP054,22JP032)+1 种基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant numbers:52174012,51804322,51821092,51774301,U1762214)Open Fund(PLC 20210404)of State Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Reservoir Geology and Exploitation(Chengdu University of Technology)。
文摘A jet mill bit(JMB)is proposed to increase the drilling efficiency and safety of horizontal wells,which has the hydraulic characteristics of depressurization and cuttings cleaning.This paper fills the gap in the hydraulic study of the JMB by focusing on the hydraulic modeling and optimization of the JMB and considering these two hydraulic characteristics.First,the hydraulic depressurization model and the hydraulic cuttings cleaning model of the JMB are developed respectively.In the models,the pressure ratio and efficiency are chosen as the evaluation parameters of the depressurization capacity of the JMB,and the jet hydraulic power and jet impact force are chosen as the evaluation parameters of cuttings cleaning capacity of the JMB.Second,based on the hydraulic models,the effects of model parameters[friction loss coefficient,target inclination angle,rate of penetration(ROP),flow ratio,and well depth]on the hydraulic performance of the JMB are investigated.The results show that an increase in the friction loss coefficient and target inclination angle cause a significant reduction in the hydraulic depressurization capacity,and the effect of ROP is negligible.The flow ratio is positively related to the hydraulic cuttings cleaning capacity,and the well depth determines the maximum hydraulic cuttings cleaning capacity.Finally,by combining the hydraulic depressurization model and hydraulic cuttings cleaning model,an optimization method of JMB hydraulics is proposed to simultaneously maximize the jet depressurization capacity and the cuttings cleaning capacity.According to the drilling parameters given,the optimal values of the drilling fluid flow rate,backward nozzle diameter,forward nozzle diameter,and throat diameter can be determined.Moreover,a case study is conducted to verify the effectiveness of the optimization method.
基金funded by the joint fund of the National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2021YFC2902101)National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.52374084)+1 种基金Open Foundation of National Energy shale gas R&D(experiment) center(2022-KFKT-12)the 111 Project(B17009)。
文摘Evaluating the physical mechanisms that link hydraulic fracturing(HF) operations to induced earthquakes and the anticipated form of the resulting events is significant in informing subsurface fluid injection operations. Current understanding supports the overriding role of the effective stress magnitude in triggering earthquakes, while the impact of change rate of effective stress has not been systematically addressed. In this work, a modified critical stiffness was brought up to investigate the likelihood, impact,and mitigation of induced seismicity during and after hydraulic fracturing by developing a poroelastic model based on rate-and-state fraction law and linear stability analysis. In the new criterion, the change rate of effective stress was considered a key variable to explore the evolution of this criterion and hence the likelihood of instability slip of fault. A coupled fluid flow-deformation model was used to represent the entire hydraulic fracturing process in COMSOL Multiphysics. The possibility of triggering an earthquake throughout the entire hydraulic fracturing process, from fracturing to cessation, was investigated considering different fault locations, orientations, and positions along the fault. The competition between the effects of the magnitude and change rate of effective stress was notable at each fracturing stage. The effective stress magnitude is a significant controlling factor during fracturing events, with the change rate dominating when fracturing is suddenly started or stopped. Instability dominates when the magnitude of the effective stress increases(constant injection at each fracturing stage) and the change rate of effective stress decreases(the injection process is suddenly stopped). Fracturing with a high injection rate, a fault adjacent to the hydraulic fracturing location and the position of the junction between the reservoir and fault are important to reduce the Coulomb failure stress(CFS) and enhance the critical stiffness as the significant disturbance of stresses at these positions in the coupled process. Therefore,notable attention should be given to the injection rate during fracturing, fault position, and position along faults as important considerations to help reduce the potential for induced seismicity. Our model was verified and confirmed using the case of the Longmaxi Formation in the Sichuan Basin, China, in which the reported microseismic data were correlated with high critical stiffness values. This work supplies new thoughts of the seismic risk associated with HF engineering.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52064006,52164001 and 52004072)the Guizhou Provincial Science and Technology Foundation(No.[2020]4Y044,No.[2021]292,No.GCC[2022]005 and[2021]N404)the China Scholarship Council program(202006050112)
文摘Vertical height growth of hydraulic fractures(HFs)can unexpectedly penetrate a stratigraphic interface and propagate into neighboring layers,thereby resulting in low gas-production efficiency and high risk of groundwater contamination or fault reactivation.Understanding of hydraulic fracture behavior at the interface is of pivotal importance for the successful development of layered reservoirs.In this paper,a twodimensional analytical model was developed to examine HF penetration and termination behavior at an orthogonal interface between two dissimilar materials.This model involves changes in the stress singularity ahead of the HF tip,which may alter at the formation interface due to material heterogeneity.Three critical stress conditions were considered to assess possible fracture behavior(i.e.,crossing,slippage,and opening)at the interface.Then,this model was verified by comparing its theoretical predictions to numerical simulations and three independent experiments.Good agreement with the simulation results and experimental data was observed,which shows the validity and reliability of this model.Finally,a parametric study was conducted to investigate the effects of key formation parameters(elastic modulus,Poisson’s ratio,and fracture toughness)between adjacent layers.These results indicate that the variation in the introduced parameters can limit or promote vertical HF growth by redistributing the induced normal and shear stresses at the interface.Among the three studied parameters,Poisson’s ratio has the least influence on the formation interface.When the fracture toughness and elastic modulus of the bounding layer are larger than those of the pay zone layer,the influence of fracture toughness will dominate the HF behavior at the interface;otherwise,the HF behavior will more likely be influenced by elastic modulus.
文摘In solving a response function by the boundary element method, the use of the singular valued method and the Laplace transform in a time domain makes the solving process be simplified and the result be accurate. The restricted condition matrix formed by the response matrix method is much smaller than that by embedding method. In addition, the response function may realize directly the management decision making. So it is efficient for establishing and solving hydraulics management models.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.51376065 and 51176052)
文摘To investigate the steady thermal hydraulic characteristics of U-tube steam generator(SG), a 1D simulation code based on the four-equation drift flux model is developed. The U-tube channels presumably consist mainly of the primary channel, secondary channel, and tube wall. In the sub-cooling regions of the primary and secondary channels, flow is simulated using the single-phase flow model, whereas that in the boiling regions of the secondary channels is simulated using the four-equation drift flux model. The first-order equations of upwind difference are derived based on the staggered grid. Steady-state thermal hydraulic parameters are obtained with a cross-iteration scheme of heat balance and natural circulation requirement. The developed code is applied to analyze the SG behavior of the Qinshan I Nuclear Power Plant under 100%, 75%, 50%, 30%, and 15% power conditions. Analysis results are then compared with the simulation results obtained using RELAP5.
