The spatial relationship between structural planes and principal stresses significantly affects the mechanical properties of deep hard rock.This paper examines the effect of the loading angle under true triaxial compr...The spatial relationship between structural planes and principal stresses significantly affects the mechanical properties of deep hard rock.This paper examines the effect of the loading angle under true triaxial compression.While previous studies focused on the angleβbetween the maximum principal stress and the structural plane,the role of angleω,between the intermediate principal stress and the structural plane,is often overlooked.Utilizing artificially prefabricated granite specimens with a single non-penetrating structural plane,we set the loading angleβto range from 0°to 90°across seven groups,and assignedωvalues of 0°and 90°in two separate groups.The results show that the peak strength is negatively correlated withβup to 45°,beyond which it tends to stabilize.The angleωexerts a strengthening effect on the peak strength.Deformation mainly occurs post-peak,with the strain values ε_(1) and ε_(3) reaching levels 2−3 times higher than those in intact rock.The structural plane significantly influences failure mode whenω=0°,while failure localizes near the σ_(3) surface of the specimens whenω=90°.The findings enhance data on structural plane rocks under triaxial compression and inform theoretical research,excavation,and support design of rock structures.展开更多
An integral sliding mode guidance law(ISMGL)combined with the advantages of the integral sliding mode control(SMC)method is designed to address maneuvering target interception problems with impact angle constraints.Th...An integral sliding mode guidance law(ISMGL)combined with the advantages of the integral sliding mode control(SMC)method is designed to address maneuvering target interception problems with impact angle constraints.The relative motion equation of the missile and the target considering the impact angle constraint is established in the longitudinal plane,and an integral sliding mode surface is constructed.The proposed guidance law resolves the existence of a steady-state error problem in the traditional SMC.Such a guidance law ensures that the missile hits the target with an ideal impact angle in finite time and the missile is kept highly robust throughout the interception process.By adopting the dynamic surface control method,the ISMGL is designed considering the impact angle constraints and the autopilot dynamic characteristics.According to the Lyapunov stability theorem,all states of the closed-loop system are finally proven to be uniformly bounded.Simulation results are compared with the general sliding mode guidance law and the trajectory shaping guidance law,and the findings verify the effectiveness and superiority of the ISMGL.展开更多
In this study, experiments were carried out to investigate aerodynamic characteristics of a high-speed train on viaducts in turbulent crosswinds using a 1:25 scaled sectional model wind-tunnel testing. Pressure measur...In this study, experiments were carried out to investigate aerodynamic characteristics of a high-speed train on viaducts in turbulent crosswinds using a 1:25 scaled sectional model wind-tunnel testing. Pressure measurements of two typical sections, one train-head section and one train-body section, at the windward and leeward tracks were conducted under the smooth and turbulence flows with wind attack angles between-6° and 6°, and the corresponding aerodynamic force coefficients were also calculated using the integral method. The experimental results indicate that the track position affects the mean aerodynamic characteristics of the vehicle, especially for the train-body section. The fluctuating pressure coefficients at the leeward track are more significantly affected by the bridge interference compared to those at the windward track. The effect of turbulence on the train-head section is less than that on the train-body section. Additionally, the mean aerodynamic force coefficients are almost negatively correlated to wind attack angles, which is more prominent for vehicles at the leeward track. Moreover, the lateral force plays a critical role in determining the corresponding overturning moment, especially on the train-body section.展开更多
The effects of surface energy on phase change of water vapor at initial stage of frost growth were studied to find an effective method of restraining frost growth.The mechanism of restraining frost growth by low energ...The effects of surface energy on phase change of water vapor at initial stage of frost growth were studied to find an effective method of restraining frost growth.The mechanism of restraining frost growth by low energy surface(bigger contact angle) was analyzed based on crystal growth theory.Then,the phase change of water vapor and the process of frost growth on the copper and wax energy surfaces were observed using microscope.The results indicate that it is difficult for wax surface(low energy surface),on which there are still water droplets at 100 s,to form critical embryo,so frost growth can be restrained in a way.Water formation,droplet growth,ice formation and dendritic ice growth processes happen on both surfaces,ordinally.But the ice beads,with larger average diameter and sparse distribution on the wax surface,form later(at about 300 s) than that on the copper surface,and the dendritic ice also appears later.All of these support that ice crystal formation and dendritic crystal growth at initial stage of frost growth can be retarded on the low energy surface.展开更多
应用Realizable k-ε湍流模型和VOF(Volume of Fraction)两相流模型对某压力旋流喷嘴进行数值研究,分析了旋流室锥角、旋流孔角度及喷嘴入口压力变化对雾化锥角、雾化粒径及分布、液滴速度分布等参数的影响。结果表明:雾化锥角受旋流室...应用Realizable k-ε湍流模型和VOF(Volume of Fraction)两相流模型对某压力旋流喷嘴进行数值研究,分析了旋流室锥角、旋流孔角度及喷嘴入口压力变化对雾化锥角、雾化粒径及分布、液滴速度分布等参数的影响。结果表明:雾化锥角受旋流室锥角的影响幅度随压力增大而减小,雾化粒径及分布受旋流室锥角影响不明显,当旋流室锥角为90°时雾化范围广且雾化稳定性好;雾化锥角随旋流孔角度增大先增后减,当角度为45°时雾化锥角最大,平均粒径及其分布更佳;当喷嘴入口压力逐渐增大时,雾化锥角与雾化粒径均逐渐减小,液滴速度区间逐渐缩小,当入口压力达到0.4 MPa时,Sauter粒径及液滴粒径分布趋于稳定,液滴速度分布最为集中。展开更多
基金Projects(51979268,52279117,52309146)supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of ChinaProject(SKLGME-JBGS2401)supported by the Fund of State Key Laboratory of Geomechanics and Geotechnical Engineering,China。
文摘The spatial relationship between structural planes and principal stresses significantly affects the mechanical properties of deep hard rock.This paper examines the effect of the loading angle under true triaxial compression.While previous studies focused on the angleβbetween the maximum principal stress and the structural plane,the role of angleω,between the intermediate principal stress and the structural plane,is often overlooked.Utilizing artificially prefabricated granite specimens with a single non-penetrating structural plane,we set the loading angleβto range from 0°to 90°across seven groups,and assignedωvalues of 0°and 90°in two separate groups.The results show that the peak strength is negatively correlated withβup to 45°,beyond which it tends to stabilize.The angleωexerts a strengthening effect on the peak strength.Deformation mainly occurs post-peak,with the strain values ε_(1) and ε_(3) reaching levels 2−3 times higher than those in intact rock.The structural plane significantly influences failure mode whenω=0°,while failure localizes near the σ_(3) surface of the specimens whenω=90°.The findings enhance data on structural plane rocks under triaxial compression and inform theoretical research,excavation,and support design of rock structures.
基金supported by the Joint Equipment Fund of the Ministry of Education(6141A02022340)
文摘An integral sliding mode guidance law(ISMGL)combined with the advantages of the integral sliding mode control(SMC)method is designed to address maneuvering target interception problems with impact angle constraints.The relative motion equation of the missile and the target considering the impact angle constraint is established in the longitudinal plane,and an integral sliding mode surface is constructed.The proposed guidance law resolves the existence of a steady-state error problem in the traditional SMC.Such a guidance law ensures that the missile hits the target with an ideal impact angle in finite time and the missile is kept highly robust throughout the interception process.By adopting the dynamic surface control method,the ISMGL is designed considering the impact angle constraints and the autopilot dynamic characteristics.According to the Lyapunov stability theorem,all states of the closed-loop system are finally proven to be uniformly bounded.Simulation results are compared with the general sliding mode guidance law and the trajectory shaping guidance law,and the findings verify the effectiveness and superiority of the ISMGL.
基金Projects(51808563,51925808)supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of ChinaProject(KLWRTBMC18-03)supported by the Open Research Fund of the Key Laboratory of Wind Resistance Technology of Bridges of ChinaProject(2017YFB1201204)supported by the National Key R&D Program of China。
文摘In this study, experiments were carried out to investigate aerodynamic characteristics of a high-speed train on viaducts in turbulent crosswinds using a 1:25 scaled sectional model wind-tunnel testing. Pressure measurements of two typical sections, one train-head section and one train-body section, at the windward and leeward tracks were conducted under the smooth and turbulence flows with wind attack angles between-6° and 6°, and the corresponding aerodynamic force coefficients were also calculated using the integral method. The experimental results indicate that the track position affects the mean aerodynamic characteristics of the vehicle, especially for the train-body section. The fluctuating pressure coefficients at the leeward track are more significantly affected by the bridge interference compared to those at the windward track. The effect of turbulence on the train-head section is less than that on the train-body section. Additionally, the mean aerodynamic force coefficients are almost negatively correlated to wind attack angles, which is more prominent for vehicles at the leeward track. Moreover, the lateral force plays a critical role in determining the corresponding overturning moment, especially on the train-body section.
基金Project(50376052) supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of ChinaProject(307013) supported by the Key Project of Chinese Ministry of EducationProject(2008BAJ12B02) supported by the National Science and Technology Pillar Program in the 11th Five-Year Plan Period
文摘The effects of surface energy on phase change of water vapor at initial stage of frost growth were studied to find an effective method of restraining frost growth.The mechanism of restraining frost growth by low energy surface(bigger contact angle) was analyzed based on crystal growth theory.Then,the phase change of water vapor and the process of frost growth on the copper and wax energy surfaces were observed using microscope.The results indicate that it is difficult for wax surface(low energy surface),on which there are still water droplets at 100 s,to form critical embryo,so frost growth can be restrained in a way.Water formation,droplet growth,ice formation and dendritic ice growth processes happen on both surfaces,ordinally.But the ice beads,with larger average diameter and sparse distribution on the wax surface,form later(at about 300 s) than that on the copper surface,and the dendritic ice also appears later.All of these support that ice crystal formation and dendritic crystal growth at initial stage of frost growth can be retarded on the low energy surface.
文摘应用Realizable k-ε湍流模型和VOF(Volume of Fraction)两相流模型对某压力旋流喷嘴进行数值研究,分析了旋流室锥角、旋流孔角度及喷嘴入口压力变化对雾化锥角、雾化粒径及分布、液滴速度分布等参数的影响。结果表明:雾化锥角受旋流室锥角的影响幅度随压力增大而减小,雾化粒径及分布受旋流室锥角影响不明显,当旋流室锥角为90°时雾化范围广且雾化稳定性好;雾化锥角随旋流孔角度增大先增后减,当角度为45°时雾化锥角最大,平均粒径及其分布更佳;当喷嘴入口压力逐渐增大时,雾化锥角与雾化粒径均逐渐减小,液滴速度区间逐渐缩小,当入口压力达到0.4 MPa时,Sauter粒径及液滴粒径分布趋于稳定,液滴速度分布最为集中。
