As an emerging electrochemical energy storage technology,potassium-ion batteries(PIBs),which are considered a“beyond Li-ion”battery system,have attracted tremendous attention due to their potential for providing a h...As an emerging electrochemical energy storage technology,potassium-ion batteries(PIBs),which are considered a“beyond Li-ion”battery system,have attracted tremendous attention due to their potential for providing a high energy density,and having abundant resource,and a low cost.However,their commercialization is hindered by the lack of practical anode materials.Among various reported anodes,conventional carbon materials,including graphite,soft carbon,and hard carbon,have emerged as promising candidates because of their abundance,low cost,high conductivity,and tunable structures.However,these materials have problems such as a low initial Coulombic efficiency,significant volume expansion,and unsatisfactory cyclability and rate performance.Various strategies to solve these have been explored,including optimizing the interlayer spacing,structural design,surface coating,constructing a multifunctional framework,and forming composites.This review provides a comprehensive overview of the recent progress in conventional carbon anodes,highlighting structural design strategies,mechanisms for improving the electrochemical performance,and underscores the critical role of these materials in promoting the practical application of PIBs.展开更多
Biomass-derived hard carbons,usually prepared by pyrolysis,are widely considered the most promising anode materials for sodium-ion bat-teries(SIBs)due to their high capacity,low poten-tial,sustainability,cost-effectiv...Biomass-derived hard carbons,usually prepared by pyrolysis,are widely considered the most promising anode materials for sodium-ion bat-teries(SIBs)due to their high capacity,low poten-tial,sustainability,cost-effectiveness,and environ-mental friendliness.The pyrolysis method affects the microstructure of the material,and ultimately its so-dium storage performance.Our previous work has shown that pyrolysis in a sealed graphite vessel im-proved the sodium storage performance of the car-bon,however the changes in its microstructure and the way this influences the sodium storage are still unclear.A series of hard carbon materials derived from corncobs(CCG-T,where T is the pyrolysis temperature)were pyrolyzed in a sealed graphite vessel at different temperatures.As the pyrolysis temperature increased from 1000 to 1400℃ small carbon domains gradually transformed into long and curved domains.At the same time,a greater number of large open pores with uniform apertures,as well as more closed pores,were formed.With the further increase of pyrolysis temperature to 1600℃,the long and curved domains became longer and straighter,and some closed pores gradually became open.CCG-1400,with abundant closed pores,had a superior SIB performance,with an initial reversible ca-pacity of 320.73 mAh g^(-1) at a current density of 30 mA g^(-1),an initial Coulomb efficiency(ICE)of 84.34%,and a capacity re-tention of 96.70%after 100 cycles.This study provides a method for the precise regulation of the microcrystalline and pore structures of hard carbon materials.展开更多
Lithium metal stands out as an exceptionally promising anode material,boasting an extraordinarily high theoretical capacity and impressive energy density.Despite these advantageous characters,the issues of dendrite fo...Lithium metal stands out as an exceptionally promising anode material,boasting an extraordinarily high theoretical capacity and impressive energy density.Despite these advantageous characters,the issues of dendrite formation and volume expansion of lithium metal anodes lead to performance decay and safety concerns,significantly impeding their advancement towards widespread commercial viability.Herein,a lithium-rich Li-B-In composite anode with abundant lithophilic sites and outstanding structural stability is reported to address the mentioned challenges.The evenly distributed Li-In alloy in the bulk phase of anodes act as mixed ion/electron conductors and nucleation sites,facilitating accelerated Li ions transport dynamics and suppressing lithium dendrite formation.Additionally,these micron-sized Li-In particles in LiB fibers framework can enhance overall structural integrity and provide sufficient interior space to accommodate the volume changes during cycling.The electrochemical performance of Li-B-In composite anode exhibits long-term cyclability,superior rate performance and high-capacity retention.This work confirms that the synergy between a 3 D skeleton and hetero-metallic lithiophilic sites can achieve stable and durable lithium metal anodes,offering innovative insights for the practical deployment of lithium metal batteries.展开更多
Potassium-ion batteries(PIBs)hold promise for large-scale energy storage,necessitating the development of high-performance anode materials.Carbons with the advantage of structural versatility,are recognized as the mos...Potassium-ion batteries(PIBs)hold promise for large-scale energy storage,necessitating the development of high-performance anode materials.Carbons with the advantage of structural versatility,are recognized as the most promising anode materials for their commercialization,however the relationship between the carbon anode structure and its electrochemical performance remains unclear.A series of pitch-based soft carbons with different structures were fabricated using carbonization temperatures in the range 600–1400℃,and their changes in carbon configuration and K-storage performance as a function of carbonization temperature were investigated.Correlations between the carbon crystal size and the low-potential plateau region capacity and between the degree of structural disorder of the carbons with their sloping region capacity were revealed.Among all samples,that obtained by carbonization at 700℃had a relatively high degree of disorder and a large interlayer spacing,and had a high reversible capacity of 329.4 mAh g^(-1) with a high initial coulombic efficiency of 72.81%,and maintained a high capacity of 144.2 mAh g^(-1) at the current rate of 5 C.These findings improve our fundamental understanding of the K-storage process in carbon anodes,and thus facilitate the advance of PIBs.展开更多
Hard carbons(HCs)are recognized as potential anode materials for sodium-ion batteries(SIBs)because of their low cost,environmental friendliness,and the abundance of their precursors.The presence of graphitic domains,n...Hard carbons(HCs)are recognized as potential anode materials for sodium-ion batteries(SIBs)because of their low cost,environmental friendliness,and the abundance of their precursors.The presence of graphitic domains,numerous pores,and disordered carbon layers in HCs plays a significant role in determining their sodium storage ability,but these structural features depend on the precursor used.The influence of functional groups,including heteroatoms and oxygen-containing groups,and the microstructure of the precursor on the physical and electrochemical properties of the HC produced are evaluated,and the effects of carbonization conditions(carbonization temperature,heating rate and atmosphere)are also discussed.展开更多
Carbon with its high electrical conductivity,excellent chemical stability,and structure ability is the most promising an-ode material for sodium and potassium ion batteries.We developed a defect-rich porous carbon fra...Carbon with its high electrical conductivity,excellent chemical stability,and structure ability is the most promising an-ode material for sodium and potassium ion batteries.We developed a defect-rich porous carbon framework(DRPCF)built with N/O-co-doped mesoporous nanosheets and containing many defects using porous g-C_(3)N_(4)(PCN)and dopamine(DA)as raw materials.We prepared samples with PCN/DA mass ratios of 1/1,2/1 and 3/1 and found that the one with a mass ratio of 2/1 and a carbonization temperature of 700℃ in an Ar atmosphere(DRPCF-2/1-700),had a large specific surface area with an enormous pore volume and a large number of N/O heteroatom active defect sites.Because of this,it had the best pseudocapacitive sodium and potassium ion stor-age performance.A half battery of Na//DRPCF-2/1-700 maintained a capacity of 328.2 mAh g^(-1) after being cycled at 1 A g^(-1) for 900 cycles,and a half battery of K//DRPC-2/1-700 maintained a capacity of 321.5 mAh g^(-1) after being cycled at 1 A g^(-1) for 1200 cycles.The rate capability and cycling stability achieved by DRPCF-2/1-700 outperforms most reported carbon materials.Finally,ex-situ Raman spectroscopy analysis result confirms that the filling and removing of K^(+)and Na^(+)from the electrochemically active defects are responsible for the high capacity,superior rate and cycling performance of the DRPCF-2/1-700 sample.展开更多
Sodium-ion batteries are considered as a promising candidate for lithium-ion batteries due to abundant sodium resources and similar intercalation chemistry.Hard carbon derived from biomass with the virtue of abundance...Sodium-ion batteries are considered as a promising candidate for lithium-ion batteries due to abundant sodium resources and similar intercalation chemistry.Hard carbon derived from biomass with the virtue of abundance and renewability is a cost-effective anode material.Herein,hard carbon is derived from renewable bagasse through a simple two-step method combining mechanical ball milling with carbonization.The hard carbon electrodes exhibit superior electrochemical performance with a high reversible capacity of 315 mA∙h/g.Furthermore,the initial capacity of the full cell,HC//NaMn0.4Ni0.4Ti0.1Mg0.1O2,is 253 mA∙h/g and its capacity retention rate is 77%after 80 cycles,which further verifies its practical application.The simple and low-cost preparation process,as well as excellent electrochemical properties,demonstrates that hard carbon derived from bagasse is a promising anode for sodium-ion batteries.展开更多
A new type of lead-based porous anode in zinc electrowinning was prepared by negative pressure infiltration. The anodic polarization potential and corrosion rate were studied and compared with those of traditional fia...A new type of lead-based porous anode in zinc electrowinning was prepared by negative pressure infiltration. The anodic polarization potential and corrosion rate were studied and compared with those of traditional fiat anodes （Pb-0.8%Ag） used in industry. The anode corrosion rate was determined by anode actual current density and microstructure. The results show that the anodic oxygen evolution potential decreases first and then increases with the decrease of pore diameter. The anodic potential decreases to the lowest value of 1.729 V at the pore diameter of 1.25-1.60 mm. The porous anode can decrease its actual current density and thus decrease the anodic corrosion rate. When the pore diameter is 1.60-2.00 mm, the anodic relative corrosion rate reaches the lowest value of 52.1%.展开更多
A study was carried out on kinetics of oxygen evolution on lead alloy anodes in sulphuric acidicelectrolyte. The influence of alloy elements Ca, Ag and Sn on the overpotential of oxygen evolution was investigated. All...A study was carried out on kinetics of oxygen evolution on lead alloy anodes in sulphuric acidicelectrolyte. The influence of alloy elements Ca, Ag and Sn on the overpotential of oxygen evolution was investigated. All anodes had been subjected to a pre-polarization before the measurement of potential-currentcurves for oxygen evolution. The overpotential of oxygen evolution was found to be decreased when the alloyanode contained Ca and Ag, whereas it remained unchanged when the alloy anode contained Sn. For oxygenevolution on lead alloy anodes the TAFEL equation was valid. The b vulue for Ph and Ph-Ca anodes was approx. 100, for Ph-Ag, Ph-Ag-Ca anodes it was approx. 140. The a value for Ph Ca, Ph-Ag, Ph-Ag-Ca anodes decreased with the increase of Ca or/and Ag content. The a and b value was not influenced by Sn in theanodes.展开更多
A novel soft chemical approach was developed to synthesize tin oxide-based powders. The microstructure, morphology, and electrochemical performance of the materials were investigated by X-ray diffraction, scanning ele...A novel soft chemical approach was developed to synthesize tin oxide-based powders. The microstructure, morphology, and electrochemical performance of the materials were investigated by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscope and electrochemical methods. The results show that the particles of tin oxide-based materials form an interconnected network structure like mesoporous material. The average size of the particles is about 200 nm. The materials deliver a charge capacity of more than 570 mA·h·g-1. And the capacity loss per cycle is about 0.15% after being cycled for 30 times. The good electrochemical performance indicates that tin oxide-based materials are promising anodes for lithium ion batteries.展开更多
Direct carbon solid oxide fuel cells(DC-SOFCs)are promising,green,and efficient power-generating devices that are fueled by solid carbons and comprise all-solid-state structures.Developing suitable anode materials for...Direct carbon solid oxide fuel cells(DC-SOFCs)are promising,green,and efficient power-generating devices that are fueled by solid carbons and comprise all-solid-state structures.Developing suitable anode materials for DC-SOFCs is a substantial scientific challenge.Herein we investigated the use of La_(0.75)Sr_(0.25)Cr_(0.5)Mn_(0.5)O_(3)-δ−Ce_(0.8)Gd_(0.2)O_(1.9)(LSCM−GDC)composite electrodes as anodes for La_(0.9)Sr_(0.1)Ga_(0.8)Mg_(0.2)O_(3)-δelectrolyte-based DC-SOFCs,with Camellia oleifera shell char as the carbon fuel.The LSCM−GDC-anode DC-SOFC delivered a maximum power density of 221 mW/cm^(2) at 800℃ and it significantly improved to 425 mW/cm^(2) after Ni nanoparticles were introduced into the LSCM−GDC anode through wet impregnation.The microstructures of the prepared anodes were characterized,and the stability of the anode in a DC-SOFC and the influence of catalytic activity on open circuit voltage were studied.The above results indicate that LSCM–GDC anode is promising to be applied in DC-SOFCs.展开更多
To solve the problems of large volume changes during the cycling and the formation of Li dendrites,a host matrix with rapid mass transfer and enough storage space to promote the homogeneous deposition of lithium,thus ...To solve the problems of large volume changes during the cycling and the formation of Li dendrites,a host matrix with rapid mass transfer and enough storage space to promote the homogeneous deposition of lithium,thus reducing the repeated rupture and re-formation of the SEI,is needed.MXenes with a two-dimensional layer structure are regarded as effective hosts for stabilizing lithium deposition because of their excellent electrical conductivity,changeable interlayer spacing,abundant lithiophilic surface func-tional groups,and excellent mechanical properties.We first summarize the methods of synthesizing MXenes,including etching the MAX precursors,chemical vapor deposition,UV-induced etching,and mechanochemical methods.Different synthesis methods res-ult in different surface terminations and lamellar structures related to different lithium metal nucleation and growth behavior.MXene,MXene-carbon and MXene-non carbon hybrids are introduced as lithium metal hosts,focusing on their performance to alleviate volume changes and inhibit lithium dendrite growth.Strategies for modifying the lithium metal anodes are summarized and potential research directions are suggested.展开更多
Aqueous zinc ion batteries are regarded as one of the most promising candidates for large-scale energy stor-age due to their high safety,cost-effectiveness,and environ-mental friendliness.However,uncontrolled zinc den...Aqueous zinc ion batteries are regarded as one of the most promising candidates for large-scale energy stor-age due to their high safety,cost-effectiveness,and environ-mental friendliness.However,uncontrolled zinc dendrite growth and side reactions of the zinc anode decrease the sta-bility of Zn batteries.We report the synthesis of an air-oxid-ized carbon nanotube(O-CNT)film by chemical vapor de-position followed by heat treatment in air which is used as a protective layer on the Zn foil to suppress zinc dendrite growth.The increase in the hydrophilicity of the O-CNT film caused by air oxidation facilitates zinc deposition between the film and the anode instead of deposition on the film surface.The porous structure of the O-CNT film homogenizes the Zn^(2+)ion flux and the electric field on the surface of the Zn foil,leading to the uniform deposition of Zn.As a result,a O-CNT@Zn symmetric cell has a much better cycling stability with a life of more than 3000 h at 1 mA cm^(−2) with a capacity of 1 mAh cm^(−2),and values of more than 2000 h and 1 mAh cm^(−2) at 5 mA cm^(−2).In addition,a O-CNT@Zn||Mn^(2+)inserted hydrated vanadium pentoxide(MnVOH)full cell has a better rate per-formance than a Zn||MnVOH cell,achieving a high discharge capacity of 194 mAh g^(−1) at a high current density of 8 A g^(−1).In a long-term cycling test,the O-CNT@Zn||MnVOH full cell has a capacity retention of 58.8%after 2000 cycles at a current density of 5 A·g^(−1).展开更多
Aqueous zinc metal batteries(ZMBs)which are environmentally benign and cheap can be used for grid-scale energy storage,but have a short cycling life mainly due to the poor reversibility of zinc metal anodes in mild aq...Aqueous zinc metal batteries(ZMBs)which are environmentally benign and cheap can be used for grid-scale energy storage,but have a short cycling life mainly due to the poor reversibility of zinc metal anodes in mild aqueous electrolytes.A zincophilic carbon(ZC)layer was deposited on a Zn metal foil at 450°C by the up-stream pyrolysis of a hydrogen-bonded supramolecular substance framework,as-sembled from melamine(ME)and cyanuric acid(CA).The zincophilic groups(C=O and C=N)in the ZC layer guide uniform zinc plating/stripping and eliminate dendrites and side reactions.so that assembled symmetrical batteries(ZC@Zn//ZC@Zn)have a long-term service life of 2500 h at 1 mA cm^(−2) and 1 mAh cm^(−2),which is much longer than that of bare Zn anodes(180 h).In addition,ZC@Zn//V2O5 full batteries have a higher capacity of 174 mAh g^(−1) after 1200 cycles at 2 A g^(−1) than a Zn//V_(2)O_(5) counterpart(100 mAh g^(−1)).The strategy developed for the low-temperat-ure deposition of the ZC layer is a new way to construct advanced zinc metal anodes for ZMBs.展开更多
Sodium-ion batteries(SIBs)have emerged as a promising alternative to commercial lithium-ion batteries be-cause of the similar properties of Li and Na as well as the abundance and accessibility of sodium resources.The ...Sodium-ion batteries(SIBs)have emerged as a promising alternative to commercial lithium-ion batteries be-cause of the similar properties of Li and Na as well as the abundance and accessibility of sodium resources.The devel-opment of anode materials with a high capacity,excellent rate performance,and long cycle life is the key to the indus-trialization of SIBs.Biomass-derived carbon(BDC)anode materials synthesized from resource-rich,low-cost,and re-newable biomass have been extensively researched and their excellent sodium storage performance has been proven,making them the most promising new low-cost and high-performance anode material for SIBs.This review first intro-duces the sources of BDCs,including waste biomass such as plants,animals,and microorganisms,and then describes sev-eral methods for preparing BDC anode materials,including carbonization,chemical activation,and template methods.The storage mechanism and kinetic process of Na^(+)in BDCs are then considered as well as their structure control.The electrochemical properties of sodium-ion storage in BDCs with different structures are examined,and suggestions for future re-search are made.展开更多
The advantages of sodium-ion batteries(SIBs)for large-scale energy storage are well known.Among possible anode materials,hard carbon(HC)stands out as the most viable commercial option because of its superior performan...The advantages of sodium-ion batteries(SIBs)for large-scale energy storage are well known.Among possible anode materials,hard carbon(HC)stands out as the most viable commercial option because of its superior performance.However,there is still disagreement regarding the sodium storage mechanism in the low-voltage plateau region of HC anodes,and the structure-performance relationship between its complex multiscale micro/nanostructure and electrochemical behavior remains unclear.This paper summarizes current research progress and the major problems in understanding HC’s microstructure and sodium storage mechanism,and the relationship between them.Findings about a universal sodium storage mechanism in HC,including predictions about micropore-capacity relationships,and the opportunities and challenges for using HC anodes in commercial SIBs are presented.展开更多
Metal-organic frameworks(MOFs)are import-ant as possible energy storage materials.Nitrogen-doped iron-cobalt MOFs were synthesized by a one-pot solvo-thermal method using CoCl_(3)·6H_(2)O and FeCl_(3)·6H_(2)...Metal-organic frameworks(MOFs)are import-ant as possible energy storage materials.Nitrogen-doped iron-cobalt MOFs were synthesized by a one-pot solvo-thermal method using CoCl_(3)·6H_(2)O and FeCl_(3)·6H_(2)O dis-solved in N,N-dimethylformamide,and were converted into Fe-Co embedded in N-doped porous carbon polyhedra by pyrolysis in a nitrogen atmosphere.During pyrolysis,the or-ganic ligands transformed into N-doped porous carbon which improved their structural stability and also their electrical contact with other materials.The Fe and Co are tightly bound together because of their encapsulation by the carbon nitride and are well dispersed in the carbon matrix,and improve the material’s conductivity and stability and provide additional capacity.When used as the anode for lithium-ion batteries,the material gives an initial capacity of up to 2230.7 mAh g^(-1)and a reversible capa-city of 1146.3 mAh g^(-1)is retained after 500 cycles at a current density of 0.5 A g^(-1),making it an excellent candidate for this purpose.展开更多
Due to the high capacity and moderate volume expansion of silicon protoxide SiO_(x)(160%)compared with that of Si(300%),reducing silicon dioxide SiO_(2)into SiO_(x)while maintaining its special nano-morphology makes i...Due to the high capacity and moderate volume expansion of silicon protoxide SiO_(x)(160%)compared with that of Si(300%),reducing silicon dioxide SiO_(2)into SiO_(x)while maintaining its special nano-morphology makes it attractive as an anode of Li-ion batteries.Herein,through a one-pot facile high-temperature annealing route,using SBA15 as the silicon source,and embedding tin dioxide SnO_(2)particles into carbon coated SiO_(x),the mesoporous SiO_(x)-SnO_(2)@C rod composite was prepared and tested as the anode material.The results revealed that the SnO_(2)particles were distributed uniformly in the wall,which could further improve their volume energy densities.The coated carbon plays a role in maintaining structural integrality during lithiation,and the rich mesopores structure can release the expanded volume and enhance Li-ion transfer.At 0.1 A·g^(-1),the gravimetric and volumetric capacities of the composite were as high as 1271 mAh·g^(-1)and 1573 mAh·cm^(-3),respectively.After 200 cycles,the 95%capacity could be retained compared with that upon the 2nd cycle at 0.5 A·g^(-1).And the rod morphology was well kept,except that the diameter of the rod was 3 times larger than its original size after the cell was discharged into 0.01 V.展开更多
Direct ethanol fuel cells(DEFCs)are a promising alternative to conventional energy sources,offering high energy density,environmental sustainability,and operational safety.Compared to methanol fuel cells,DEFCs exhibit...Direct ethanol fuel cells(DEFCs)are a promising alternative to conventional energy sources,offering high energy density,environmental sustainability,and operational safety.Compared to methanol fuel cells,DEFCs exhibit lower toxicity and a more mature preparation process.Unlike hydrogen fuel cells,DEFCs provide superior storage and transport feasibility,as well as cost-effectiveness,significantly enhancing their commercial viability.However,the stable C-C bond in ethanol creates a high activation energy barrier,often resulting in incomplete electrooxidation.Current commercial platinum(Pt)-and palladium(Pd)-based catalysts demonstrate low C-C bond cleavage efficiency(<7.5%),severely limiting DEFC energy output and power density.Furthermore,high catalyst costs and insufficient activity impede large-scale commercialization.Recent advances in DEFC anode catalyst design have focused on optimizing material composition and elucidating catalytic mechanisms.This review systematically examines developments in ethanol electrooxidation catalysts over the past five years,highlighting strategies to improve C1 pathway selectivity and C-C bond activation.Key approaches,such as alloying,nanostructure engineering,and interfacial synergy effects,are discussed alongside their mechanistic implications.Finally,we outline current challenges and future prospects for DEFC commercialization.展开更多
Solid-state Na metal batteries(SSNBs),known for the low cost,high safety,and high energy density,hold a significant position in the next generation of rechargeable batteries.However,the urgent challenge of poor interf...Solid-state Na metal batteries(SSNBs),known for the low cost,high safety,and high energy density,hold a significant position in the next generation of rechargeable batteries.However,the urgent challenge of poor interfacial contact in solid-state electrolytes has hindered the commercialization of SSNBs.Driven by the concept of intimate electrode-electrolyte interface design,this study employs a combination of sodium-potassium(NaK)alloy and carbon nanotubes to prepare a semi-solid NaK(NKC)anode.Unlike traditional Na anodes,the paintable paste-like NKC anode exhibits superior adhesion and interface compatibility with both current collectors and gel electrolytes,significantly enhancing the physical contact of the electrode-electrolyte interface.Additionally,the filling of SiO_(2) nanoparticles improves the wettability of NaK alloy on gel polymer electrolytes,further achieving a conformal interface contact.Consequently,the overpotential of the NKC symmetric cell is markedly lower than that of the Na symmetric cell when subjected to a long cycle of 300 hrs.The full cell coupled with Na_(3)V_(2)(PO_(4))_(2) cathodes had an initial discharge capacity of 106.8 mAh·g^(-1) with a capacity retention of 89.61%after 300 cycles,and a high discharge capacity of 88.1 mAh·g^(-1) even at a high rate of 10 C.The outstanding electrochemical performance highlights the promising application potential of the NKC electrode.展开更多
文摘As an emerging electrochemical energy storage technology,potassium-ion batteries(PIBs),which are considered a“beyond Li-ion”battery system,have attracted tremendous attention due to their potential for providing a high energy density,and having abundant resource,and a low cost.However,their commercialization is hindered by the lack of practical anode materials.Among various reported anodes,conventional carbon materials,including graphite,soft carbon,and hard carbon,have emerged as promising candidates because of their abundance,low cost,high conductivity,and tunable structures.However,these materials have problems such as a low initial Coulombic efficiency,significant volume expansion,and unsatisfactory cyclability and rate performance.Various strategies to solve these have been explored,including optimizing the interlayer spacing,structural design,surface coating,constructing a multifunctional framework,and forming composites.This review provides a comprehensive overview of the recent progress in conventional carbon anodes,highlighting structural design strategies,mechanisms for improving the electrochemical performance,and underscores the critical role of these materials in promoting the practical application of PIBs.
文摘Biomass-derived hard carbons,usually prepared by pyrolysis,are widely considered the most promising anode materials for sodium-ion bat-teries(SIBs)due to their high capacity,low poten-tial,sustainability,cost-effectiveness,and environ-mental friendliness.The pyrolysis method affects the microstructure of the material,and ultimately its so-dium storage performance.Our previous work has shown that pyrolysis in a sealed graphite vessel im-proved the sodium storage performance of the car-bon,however the changes in its microstructure and the way this influences the sodium storage are still unclear.A series of hard carbon materials derived from corncobs(CCG-T,where T is the pyrolysis temperature)were pyrolyzed in a sealed graphite vessel at different temperatures.As the pyrolysis temperature increased from 1000 to 1400℃ small carbon domains gradually transformed into long and curved domains.At the same time,a greater number of large open pores with uniform apertures,as well as more closed pores,were formed.With the further increase of pyrolysis temperature to 1600℃,the long and curved domains became longer and straighter,and some closed pores gradually became open.CCG-1400,with abundant closed pores,had a superior SIB performance,with an initial reversible ca-pacity of 320.73 mAh g^(-1) at a current density of 30 mA g^(-1),an initial Coulomb efficiency(ICE)of 84.34%,and a capacity re-tention of 96.70%after 100 cycles.This study provides a method for the precise regulation of the microcrystalline and pore structures of hard carbon materials.
基金Project(2023YFC3905904)supported by the National Key Research and Development Program,ChinaProject(2220197000221)supported by the Team of Foshan National Hi-Tech Industrial Development Zone Industrialization Entrepreneurial Teams Program,ChinaProject(2024ZZTS0373)supported by the Central South University Graduate Student Autonomous Exploration Innovative Programme,China。
文摘Lithium metal stands out as an exceptionally promising anode material,boasting an extraordinarily high theoretical capacity and impressive energy density.Despite these advantageous characters,the issues of dendrite formation and volume expansion of lithium metal anodes lead to performance decay and safety concerns,significantly impeding their advancement towards widespread commercial viability.Herein,a lithium-rich Li-B-In composite anode with abundant lithophilic sites and outstanding structural stability is reported to address the mentioned challenges.The evenly distributed Li-In alloy in the bulk phase of anodes act as mixed ion/electron conductors and nucleation sites,facilitating accelerated Li ions transport dynamics and suppressing lithium dendrite formation.Additionally,these micron-sized Li-In particles in LiB fibers framework can enhance overall structural integrity and provide sufficient interior space to accommodate the volume changes during cycling.The electrochemical performance of Li-B-In composite anode exhibits long-term cyclability,superior rate performance and high-capacity retention.This work confirms that the synergy between a 3 D skeleton and hetero-metallic lithiophilic sites can achieve stable and durable lithium metal anodes,offering innovative insights for the practical deployment of lithium metal batteries.
文摘Potassium-ion batteries(PIBs)hold promise for large-scale energy storage,necessitating the development of high-performance anode materials.Carbons with the advantage of structural versatility,are recognized as the most promising anode materials for their commercialization,however the relationship between the carbon anode structure and its electrochemical performance remains unclear.A series of pitch-based soft carbons with different structures were fabricated using carbonization temperatures in the range 600–1400℃,and their changes in carbon configuration and K-storage performance as a function of carbonization temperature were investigated.Correlations between the carbon crystal size and the low-potential plateau region capacity and between the degree of structural disorder of the carbons with their sloping region capacity were revealed.Among all samples,that obtained by carbonization at 700℃had a relatively high degree of disorder and a large interlayer spacing,and had a high reversible capacity of 329.4 mAh g^(-1) with a high initial coulombic efficiency of 72.81%,and maintained a high capacity of 144.2 mAh g^(-1) at the current rate of 5 C.These findings improve our fundamental understanding of the K-storage process in carbon anodes,and thus facilitate the advance of PIBs.
文摘Hard carbons(HCs)are recognized as potential anode materials for sodium-ion batteries(SIBs)because of their low cost,environmental friendliness,and the abundance of their precursors.The presence of graphitic domains,numerous pores,and disordered carbon layers in HCs plays a significant role in determining their sodium storage ability,but these structural features depend on the precursor used.The influence of functional groups,including heteroatoms and oxygen-containing groups,and the microstructure of the precursor on the physical and electrochemical properties of the HC produced are evaluated,and the effects of carbonization conditions(carbonization temperature,heating rate and atmosphere)are also discussed.
文摘Carbon with its high electrical conductivity,excellent chemical stability,and structure ability is the most promising an-ode material for sodium and potassium ion batteries.We developed a defect-rich porous carbon framework(DRPCF)built with N/O-co-doped mesoporous nanosheets and containing many defects using porous g-C_(3)N_(4)(PCN)and dopamine(DA)as raw materials.We prepared samples with PCN/DA mass ratios of 1/1,2/1 and 3/1 and found that the one with a mass ratio of 2/1 and a carbonization temperature of 700℃ in an Ar atmosphere(DRPCF-2/1-700),had a large specific surface area with an enormous pore volume and a large number of N/O heteroatom active defect sites.Because of this,it had the best pseudocapacitive sodium and potassium ion stor-age performance.A half battery of Na//DRPCF-2/1-700 maintained a capacity of 328.2 mAh g^(-1) after being cycled at 1 A g^(-1) for 900 cycles,and a half battery of K//DRPC-2/1-700 maintained a capacity of 321.5 mAh g^(-1) after being cycled at 1 A g^(-1) for 1200 cycles.The rate capability and cycling stability achieved by DRPCF-2/1-700 outperforms most reported carbon materials.Finally,ex-situ Raman spectroscopy analysis result confirms that the filling and removing of K^(+)and Na^(+)from the electrochemically active defects are responsible for the high capacity,superior rate and cycling performance of the DRPCF-2/1-700 sample.
基金Projects(51661009,51761007)supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China,Projects(2019GXNSFDA245014,2016GXNSFGA380001)supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Guangxi Province,China,Projects(2019AC20164,2019AC20053)supported by the Science and Technology Base and Talent Special Project of Guangxi Province,China。
文摘Sodium-ion batteries are considered as a promising candidate for lithium-ion batteries due to abundant sodium resources and similar intercalation chemistry.Hard carbon derived from biomass with the virtue of abundance and renewability is a cost-effective anode material.Herein,hard carbon is derived from renewable bagasse through a simple two-step method combining mechanical ball milling with carbonization.The hard carbon electrodes exhibit superior electrochemical performance with a high reversible capacity of 315 mA∙h/g.Furthermore,the initial capacity of the full cell,HC//NaMn0.4Ni0.4Ti0.1Mg0.1O2,is 253 mA∙h/g and its capacity retention rate is 77%after 80 cycles,which further verifies its practical application.The simple and low-cost preparation process,as well as excellent electrochemical properties,demonstrates that hard carbon derived from bagasse is a promising anode for sodium-ion batteries.
基金Project(2007SK2009) supported by the Science and Technology Research Project of Hunan Province, China
文摘A new type of lead-based porous anode in zinc electrowinning was prepared by negative pressure infiltration. The anodic polarization potential and corrosion rate were studied and compared with those of traditional fiat anodes （Pb-0.8%Ag） used in industry. The anode corrosion rate was determined by anode actual current density and microstructure. The results show that the anodic oxygen evolution potential decreases first and then increases with the decrease of pore diameter. The anodic potential decreases to the lowest value of 1.729 V at the pore diameter of 1.25-1.60 mm. The porous anode can decrease its actual current density and thus decrease the anodic corrosion rate. When the pore diameter is 1.60-2.00 mm, the anodic relative corrosion rate reaches the lowest value of 52.1%.
文摘A study was carried out on kinetics of oxygen evolution on lead alloy anodes in sulphuric acidicelectrolyte. The influence of alloy elements Ca, Ag and Sn on the overpotential of oxygen evolution was investigated. All anodes had been subjected to a pre-polarization before the measurement of potential-currentcurves for oxygen evolution. The overpotential of oxygen evolution was found to be decreased when the alloyanode contained Ca and Ag, whereas it remained unchanged when the alloy anode contained Sn. For oxygenevolution on lead alloy anodes the TAFEL equation was valid. The b vulue for Ph and Ph-Ca anodes was approx. 100, for Ph-Ag, Ph-Ag-Ca anodes it was approx. 140. The a value for Ph Ca, Ph-Ag, Ph-Ag-Ca anodes decreased with the increase of Ca or/and Ag content. The a and b value was not influenced by Sn in theanodes.
文摘A novel soft chemical approach was developed to synthesize tin oxide-based powders. The microstructure, morphology, and electrochemical performance of the materials were investigated by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscope and electrochemical methods. The results show that the particles of tin oxide-based materials form an interconnected network structure like mesoporous material. The average size of the particles is about 200 nm. The materials deliver a charge capacity of more than 570 mA·h·g-1. And the capacity loss per cycle is about 0.15% after being cycled for 30 times. The good electrochemical performance indicates that tin oxide-based materials are promising anodes for lithium ion batteries.
基金Project(2019YFC1907405)supported by the National Key R&D Program of ChinaProject(GJJ200809)supported by the Education Department Project Fund of Jiangxi Province,ChinaProject(2020BAB214021)supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangxi Province,China。
文摘Direct carbon solid oxide fuel cells(DC-SOFCs)are promising,green,and efficient power-generating devices that are fueled by solid carbons and comprise all-solid-state structures.Developing suitable anode materials for DC-SOFCs is a substantial scientific challenge.Herein we investigated the use of La_(0.75)Sr_(0.25)Cr_(0.5)Mn_(0.5)O_(3)-δ−Ce_(0.8)Gd_(0.2)O_(1.9)(LSCM−GDC)composite electrodes as anodes for La_(0.9)Sr_(0.1)Ga_(0.8)Mg_(0.2)O_(3)-δelectrolyte-based DC-SOFCs,with Camellia oleifera shell char as the carbon fuel.The LSCM−GDC-anode DC-SOFC delivered a maximum power density of 221 mW/cm^(2) at 800℃ and it significantly improved to 425 mW/cm^(2) after Ni nanoparticles were introduced into the LSCM−GDC anode through wet impregnation.The microstructures of the prepared anodes were characterized,and the stability of the anode in a DC-SOFC and the influence of catalytic activity on open circuit voltage were studied.The above results indicate that LSCM–GDC anode is promising to be applied in DC-SOFCs.
文摘To solve the problems of large volume changes during the cycling and the formation of Li dendrites,a host matrix with rapid mass transfer and enough storage space to promote the homogeneous deposition of lithium,thus reducing the repeated rupture and re-formation of the SEI,is needed.MXenes with a two-dimensional layer structure are regarded as effective hosts for stabilizing lithium deposition because of their excellent electrical conductivity,changeable interlayer spacing,abundant lithiophilic surface func-tional groups,and excellent mechanical properties.We first summarize the methods of synthesizing MXenes,including etching the MAX precursors,chemical vapor deposition,UV-induced etching,and mechanochemical methods.Different synthesis methods res-ult in different surface terminations and lamellar structures related to different lithium metal nucleation and growth behavior.MXene,MXene-carbon and MXene-non carbon hybrids are introduced as lithium metal hosts,focusing on their performance to alleviate volume changes and inhibit lithium dendrite growth.Strategies for modifying the lithium metal anodes are summarized and potential research directions are suggested.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(22179093 and21905202)。
文摘Aqueous zinc ion batteries are regarded as one of the most promising candidates for large-scale energy stor-age due to their high safety,cost-effectiveness,and environ-mental friendliness.However,uncontrolled zinc dendrite growth and side reactions of the zinc anode decrease the sta-bility of Zn batteries.We report the synthesis of an air-oxid-ized carbon nanotube(O-CNT)film by chemical vapor de-position followed by heat treatment in air which is used as a protective layer on the Zn foil to suppress zinc dendrite growth.The increase in the hydrophilicity of the O-CNT film caused by air oxidation facilitates zinc deposition between the film and the anode instead of deposition on the film surface.The porous structure of the O-CNT film homogenizes the Zn^(2+)ion flux and the electric field on the surface of the Zn foil,leading to the uniform deposition of Zn.As a result,a O-CNT@Zn symmetric cell has a much better cycling stability with a life of more than 3000 h at 1 mA cm^(−2) with a capacity of 1 mAh cm^(−2),and values of more than 2000 h and 1 mAh cm^(−2) at 5 mA cm^(−2).In addition,a O-CNT@Zn||Mn^(2+)inserted hydrated vanadium pentoxide(MnVOH)full cell has a better rate per-formance than a Zn||MnVOH cell,achieving a high discharge capacity of 194 mAh g^(−1) at a high current density of 8 A g^(−1).In a long-term cycling test,the O-CNT@Zn||MnVOH full cell has a capacity retention of 58.8%after 2000 cycles at a current density of 5 A·g^(−1).
基金partially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(22479022)Liaoning Revitalization Talents Program(XLYC2007129)。
文摘Aqueous zinc metal batteries(ZMBs)which are environmentally benign and cheap can be used for grid-scale energy storage,but have a short cycling life mainly due to the poor reversibility of zinc metal anodes in mild aqueous electrolytes.A zincophilic carbon(ZC)layer was deposited on a Zn metal foil at 450°C by the up-stream pyrolysis of a hydrogen-bonded supramolecular substance framework,as-sembled from melamine(ME)and cyanuric acid(CA).The zincophilic groups(C=O and C=N)in the ZC layer guide uniform zinc plating/stripping and eliminate dendrites and side reactions.so that assembled symmetrical batteries(ZC@Zn//ZC@Zn)have a long-term service life of 2500 h at 1 mA cm^(−2) and 1 mAh cm^(−2),which is much longer than that of bare Zn anodes(180 h).In addition,ZC@Zn//V2O5 full batteries have a higher capacity of 174 mAh g^(−1) after 1200 cycles at 2 A g^(−1) than a Zn//V_(2)O_(5) counterpart(100 mAh g^(−1)).The strategy developed for the low-temperat-ure deposition of the ZC layer is a new way to construct advanced zinc metal anodes for ZMBs.
文摘Sodium-ion batteries(SIBs)have emerged as a promising alternative to commercial lithium-ion batteries be-cause of the similar properties of Li and Na as well as the abundance and accessibility of sodium resources.The devel-opment of anode materials with a high capacity,excellent rate performance,and long cycle life is the key to the indus-trialization of SIBs.Biomass-derived carbon(BDC)anode materials synthesized from resource-rich,low-cost,and re-newable biomass have been extensively researched and their excellent sodium storage performance has been proven,making them the most promising new low-cost and high-performance anode material for SIBs.This review first intro-duces the sources of BDCs,including waste biomass such as plants,animals,and microorganisms,and then describes sev-eral methods for preparing BDC anode materials,including carbonization,chemical activation,and template methods.The storage mechanism and kinetic process of Na^(+)in BDCs are then considered as well as their structure control.The electrochemical properties of sodium-ion storage in BDCs with different structures are examined,and suggestions for future re-search are made.
文摘The advantages of sodium-ion batteries(SIBs)for large-scale energy storage are well known.Among possible anode materials,hard carbon(HC)stands out as the most viable commercial option because of its superior performance.However,there is still disagreement regarding the sodium storage mechanism in the low-voltage plateau region of HC anodes,and the structure-performance relationship between its complex multiscale micro/nanostructure and electrochemical behavior remains unclear.This paper summarizes current research progress and the major problems in understanding HC’s microstructure and sodium storage mechanism,and the relationship between them.Findings about a universal sodium storage mechanism in HC,including predictions about micropore-capacity relationships,and the opportunities and challenges for using HC anodes in commercial SIBs are presented.
文摘Metal-organic frameworks(MOFs)are import-ant as possible energy storage materials.Nitrogen-doped iron-cobalt MOFs were synthesized by a one-pot solvo-thermal method using CoCl_(3)·6H_(2)O and FeCl_(3)·6H_(2)O dis-solved in N,N-dimethylformamide,and were converted into Fe-Co embedded in N-doped porous carbon polyhedra by pyrolysis in a nitrogen atmosphere.During pyrolysis,the or-ganic ligands transformed into N-doped porous carbon which improved their structural stability and also their electrical contact with other materials.The Fe and Co are tightly bound together because of their encapsulation by the carbon nitride and are well dispersed in the carbon matrix,and improve the material’s conductivity and stability and provide additional capacity.When used as the anode for lithium-ion batteries,the material gives an initial capacity of up to 2230.7 mAh g^(-1)and a reversible capa-city of 1146.3 mAh g^(-1)is retained after 500 cycles at a current density of 0.5 A g^(-1),making it an excellent candidate for this purpose.
文摘Due to the high capacity and moderate volume expansion of silicon protoxide SiO_(x)(160%)compared with that of Si(300%),reducing silicon dioxide SiO_(2)into SiO_(x)while maintaining its special nano-morphology makes it attractive as an anode of Li-ion batteries.Herein,through a one-pot facile high-temperature annealing route,using SBA15 as the silicon source,and embedding tin dioxide SnO_(2)particles into carbon coated SiO_(x),the mesoporous SiO_(x)-SnO_(2)@C rod composite was prepared and tested as the anode material.The results revealed that the SnO_(2)particles were distributed uniformly in the wall,which could further improve their volume energy densities.The coated carbon plays a role in maintaining structural integrality during lithiation,and the rich mesopores structure can release the expanded volume and enhance Li-ion transfer.At 0.1 A·g^(-1),the gravimetric and volumetric capacities of the composite were as high as 1271 mAh·g^(-1)and 1573 mAh·cm^(-3),respectively.After 200 cycles,the 95%capacity could be retained compared with that upon the 2nd cycle at 0.5 A·g^(-1).And the rod morphology was well kept,except that the diameter of the rod was 3 times larger than its original size after the cell was discharged into 0.01 V.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(22472023,22202037)the Jilin Province Science and Technology Development Program(20250102077JC)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(2412024QD014,2412023QD019).
文摘Direct ethanol fuel cells(DEFCs)are a promising alternative to conventional energy sources,offering high energy density,environmental sustainability,and operational safety.Compared to methanol fuel cells,DEFCs exhibit lower toxicity and a more mature preparation process.Unlike hydrogen fuel cells,DEFCs provide superior storage and transport feasibility,as well as cost-effectiveness,significantly enhancing their commercial viability.However,the stable C-C bond in ethanol creates a high activation energy barrier,often resulting in incomplete electrooxidation.Current commercial platinum(Pt)-and palladium(Pd)-based catalysts demonstrate low C-C bond cleavage efficiency(<7.5%),severely limiting DEFC energy output and power density.Furthermore,high catalyst costs and insufficient activity impede large-scale commercialization.Recent advances in DEFC anode catalyst design have focused on optimizing material composition and elucidating catalytic mechanisms.This review systematically examines developments in ethanol electrooxidation catalysts over the past five years,highlighting strategies to improve C1 pathway selectivity and C-C bond activation.Key approaches,such as alloying,nanostructure engineering,and interfacial synergy effects,are discussed alongside their mechanistic implications.Finally,we outline current challenges and future prospects for DEFC commercialization.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China (52073253)。
文摘Solid-state Na metal batteries(SSNBs),known for the low cost,high safety,and high energy density,hold a significant position in the next generation of rechargeable batteries.However,the urgent challenge of poor interfacial contact in solid-state electrolytes has hindered the commercialization of SSNBs.Driven by the concept of intimate electrode-electrolyte interface design,this study employs a combination of sodium-potassium(NaK)alloy and carbon nanotubes to prepare a semi-solid NaK(NKC)anode.Unlike traditional Na anodes,the paintable paste-like NKC anode exhibits superior adhesion and interface compatibility with both current collectors and gel electrolytes,significantly enhancing the physical contact of the electrode-electrolyte interface.Additionally,the filling of SiO_(2) nanoparticles improves the wettability of NaK alloy on gel polymer electrolytes,further achieving a conformal interface contact.Consequently,the overpotential of the NKC symmetric cell is markedly lower than that of the Na symmetric cell when subjected to a long cycle of 300 hrs.The full cell coupled with Na_(3)V_(2)(PO_(4))_(2) cathodes had an initial discharge capacity of 106.8 mAh·g^(-1) with a capacity retention of 89.61%after 300 cycles,and a high discharge capacity of 88.1 mAh·g^(-1) even at a high rate of 10 C.The outstanding electrochemical performance highlights the promising application potential of the NKC electrode.
