In Shandong,the special folk activity of blowing sugar figures during the Spring Festival has a long history.It is said that this skill can be traced back to the Tang Dynasty.At that time,as sugar-making technology im...In Shandong,the special folk activity of blowing sugar figures during the Spring Festival has a long history.It is said that this skill can be traced back to the Tang Dynasty.At that time,as sugar-making technology improved a lot,smart folk craftsmen(工匠)began to use sugar to create various small items.Once heated,sugar turns soft and malleable(可塑的).展开更多
In order to enrich the germplasm resources of sugar beet resistant to damping-off and explore their physiological mechanisms in response to the disease,the previously isolated and purified Rhizoctonia solani were empl...In order to enrich the germplasm resources of sugar beet resistant to damping-off and explore their physiological mechanisms in response to the disease,the previously isolated and purified Rhizoctonia solani were employed to inoculate 112 main sugar beet varieties.The emergence rate,morbidity,mortality rate,peroxidase(POD)activity were investigated.The results showed that 112 main sugar beet varieties were divided into six levels according to the incidence rate:disease resistance(≤40%),high resistance(40%<to≤50%),medium resistance(50%<to≤60%),medium sensitivity(60%<to≤70%),high sensitivity(70%<to≤80%)and disease susceptibility(>80%).On the basis of this classification,5 disease resistant varieties,9 highly resistant varieties,9 moderately resistant varieties,20 moderately susceptible varieties,21 highly susceptible varieties,and 48 susceptible varieties were classified.Moreover,it was found that POD of disease-resistant varieties was significantly different from that of susceptible varieties.This approach provides a theoretical basis for the rational breeding of sugar beet varieties resistant to sugar beet damping-off,and have certain reference value for the development of the domestic sugar beet planting industry.展开更多
The transformation of aldose to ketose or common sugars into rare saccharides,including rare ketoses and aldoses,is of great value and interest to the food industry and for saccharidic biomass utilization,medicine,and...The transformation of aldose to ketose or common sugars into rare saccharides,including rare ketoses and aldoses,is of great value and interest to the food industry and for saccharidic biomass utilization,medicine,and the synthesis of drugs.Nowadays,high-fructose corn syrup(HFCS)is industrially produced in more than 10 million tons annually using immobilized glucose isomerase.Some low-calorie saccharides such as tagatose and psicose,which are becoming popular sweeteners,have also been produced on a pilot scale in order to replace sucrose and HFCS.However,current catalysts and catalytic processes are still difficult to utilize in biomass conversion and also have strong substrate dependence in producing high-value,rare sugars.Considering the specific reaction properties of saccharides and catalysts,since the pioneering discovery by Fischer,various catalysts and catalytic systems have been discovered or developed in attempts to extend the reaction pathways,improve the reaction efficiency,and to potentially produce commercial products.In this review,we trace the history of sugar isomerization/epimerization reactions and summarize the important breakthroughs for each reaction as well as the difficulties that remain unresolved to date.展开更多
Background The associations between sugary beverages and genetic predisposition to depression risk remain unclear.Aims This study aimed to investigate the associations of sugar-sweetened beverages(SSBs),artificially s...Background The associations between sugary beverages and genetic predisposition to depression risk remain unclear.Aims This study aimed to investigate the associations of sugar-sweetened beverages(SSBs),artificially sweetened beverages(ASBs)and natural juices(NJs)with depression and to assess whether these associations were modified by genetic predisposition.Methods We used data from the UK Biobank of 180599 individuals aged 39-72 years who were depression-free at baseline.Dietary intake of SSBs,ASBs and NJs was accessed by a 24-hour dietary recall between 2009 and 2012.The Polygenic Risk Score for depression was estimated and categorised as low(lowest tertile),intermediate(tertile 2)and high(highest tertile),.Cox proportional hazard and substitution models were conducted to evaluate hazard ratios(HRs)and 95%Cls.Results Over the 12-year follow-up,4915 individuals developed depression.Higher consumption(>2 units/day)of SSBs(HR:1.26,95%CI 1.12 to 1.43)and ASBs(HR:1.40,95%Cl 1.23 to 1.60)were both associated with an increased risk of depression.However,moderate consumption(>0-1 units/day)of NJs was associated with a lower risk of depression(HR:0.89,95%CI 0.83 to 0.95).Furthermore,genetic predisposition did not modify these associations(p interaction>0.05).In substitution models,the HRs for depression risk were 0.94(95%CI 0.89 to 0.99)and 0.89(95%CI 0.85 to 0.94),respectively,when 1 unit/day of SSBs or ASBs was replaced by an equivalent intake of NJs.Conclusions Higher consumption of SSBs and ASBs was associated with an increased risk of depression;in contrast,moderate consumption of NJs was inversely associated with a lower risk of depression.In theory,substituting SSBs and ASBswith NJs would suppose a reduction of depression risk.展开更多
Recently,Gary et al.published an article elucidating how sugars contribute to the protection of dry protein structure.They utilized an ingenious liquid-observed vapor exchange(LOVE)nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR)metho...Recently,Gary et al.published an article elucidating how sugars contribute to the protection of dry protein structure.They utilized an ingenious liquid-observed vapor exchange(LOVE)nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR)method,providing valuable insights into the protection mechanism of sugars during the drying process.The details of their study can be found in the article available at https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.biochem.2c00692.展开更多
With the advancement of agricultural mechanization,soil compaction has become a serious environmental problem.Soil compaction can increase soil bulk density and firmness,reduce porosity and permeability,and deteriorat...With the advancement of agricultural mechanization,soil compaction has become a serious environmental problem.Soil compaction can increase soil bulk density and firmness,reduce porosity and permeability,and deteriorate soil structure,ultimately inhibit sugar beet growth and reduce both root yield and sugar content.However,few farmers recognize the link between soil compaction and these adverse effects.Soil compaction has a cumulative effect,with significant differences observed in the vertical range of compaction accumulation.The most significant soil compaction occurs in the topsoil of 0-10 cm,and the influence depth can reach 70 cm,but it is small in deep soil,and the inflection point is at a soil depth of 10 cm.The degree of soil compaction is related to soil type,water content,tractor shaft load,tyre type,tyre pressure and operation speed,etc.Therefore,in the production process of sugar beet,it is advisable to avoid high-humidity operations,use low pressure tyres,reduce the number of tractor-units passes over the farmland,and implement agricultural and agronomic measures to minimize soil compaction.These practices will help protect the soil environment and ensure sustainable production of sugar beets.展开更多
The content of total sugar, sucrose, fructose and protein in the leaves of3-yr.-old Betula platyphylla was measured after the treatment by three exogenous sugar solutions(sucrose, fructose, glucose) and three high con...The content of total sugar, sucrose, fructose and protein in the leaves of3-yr.-old Betula platyphylla was measured after the treatment by three exogenous sugar solutions(sucrose, fructose, glucose) and three high concentrations of CO_2 (700, 1 400, 2 100 μL/L·L^(-1))for about a month in 1998. The results showed that spraying three exogenous sugar solutionsincreased markedly the content of sugar and protein of leaves under 700 μL·L^(-1) and 1 400μL·L^(-1) CO_2 The effect of spraying exogenous sucrose solution was the best among the threeexogenous sugars. The treatment of spraying exogenous sugar solution and 2 100 μL·L^(-1) CO_2constrained the accumulation of total sugar and protein of leaves. There was no difference inprotein content of leaves when spraying glucose and fructose solutions under 700 μL·L^(-1) and 1400 μL·L^(-1) CO_2. The treatment of 2 100 μL·L^(-1) CO_2 concentration significantly increasedthe contents of total sugar, sucrose, fructose, and protein of leaves compared with that of the 700μL·L^(-1) and 1 400 μL·L^(-1) CO_2 except the plants spraying fructose solution. There waspositive correlation between the content of sugar of leaves and CO_2 concentration when sprayingsame exogenous sugar solution.展开更多
Populus tomentosa seedlings for cold-acclimating were pretreated wit h or without 20% saccharose. Changes in the concentrations of total soluble sugar , the survival rates, and freezing tolerance of seedlings during ...Populus tomentosa seedlings for cold-acclimating were pretreated wit h or without 20% saccharose. Changes in the concentrations of total soluble sugar , the survival rates, and freezing tolerance of seedlings during cold acclimatio n were investigated. The results showed that cold acclimation increased the conc entrations of total soluble sugar, the survival rates and freezing tolerance. Co ld acclimation, combined with the saccharose-pretreatment, enhanced the above- ment ioned effect of cold acclimation, and obviously increased the concentrations of total soluble sugar, the survival rates and freezing tolerance of seedlings. Fur ther analysis found that the concentrations of total soluble sugar in branches i ncreased greater than that in leaves during both cold acclimation with or withou t the pretreatment of saccharose. Moreover, an increase of the concentrations of total soluble sugar in branches and leaves was closely related to the freezing tolerance of seedlings. The results indicate the accumulation of soluble sugar i n seedlings induced by cold acclimation may be involved in the induction of free zing tolerance .展开更多
The effect of microwave treatment on the tensile properties of treated sugar palm fibre with 6% NaOH reinforced thermoplastic polyurethane composites was investigated. Firstly, the sugar palm fibres were treated by 6%...The effect of microwave treatment on the tensile properties of treated sugar palm fibre with 6% NaOH reinforced thermoplastic polyurethane composites was investigated. Firstly, the sugar palm fibres were treated by 6% alkali solution. Then, microwave treatment was used to treat the alkali treated sugar palm fibres. Three types of temperatures(i.e. 70, 80 and 90℃) were applied in microwave treatment. The extruder and hot press machines were used to mixing the sugar palm fibres and polyurethane resin, and fabricate the composites. Tensile properties(i.e. tensile strength, tensile modulus and elongation at break) were studied by following the ASTM D-638 standard. The highest tensile strength was recorded 18.42 MPa with microwave temperature at 70℃ and 6% alkali pre-treatment. Therefore, the temperature 70℃ of microwave treatment may consider the best degree cent grate.展开更多
The sugar standard implemented under specific historical conditions had played a positive role in standardizing the production of China's sugar industry,promoting the development of sugar industry and strengthenin...The sugar standard implemented under specific historical conditions had played a positive role in standardizing the production of China's sugar industry,promoting the development of sugar industry and strengthening the quality management of sugar products.This paper systematically combs the development of national standard and industrial standard of white granulated sugar,and analyzes the technical requirements such as sensory indicators,physical and chemical indicators and health indicators.From the development of China's white granulated sugar product standard,the sucrose content of the same level of white granulated sugar has not been adjusted,while the standard for indexes other than sucrose content,have been improved to meet the needs of the development of China's sugar industry and the development of domestic and foreign trade.Through comparison with the international standard of white granulated sugar,it is concluded that China’s national standard of white granulated sugar has kept pace with international standard.展开更多
We estimated variation in the allocation of metabolites （phenol, sugar, and electrical conductance） in seed, fruit and seedling leachates of 25 populations of Grewia. oppositifolia. Higher quantity of phenolics and ...We estimated variation in the allocation of metabolites （phenol, sugar, and electrical conductance） in seed, fruit and seedling leachates of 25 populations of Grewia. oppositifolia. Higher quantity of phenolics and higher electrical conductance were observed in plants from lower-middle altitudes but this was not correlated significantly with germination, survival, or plant height. On the other hand, sugar content in fruit pulp leachates was greatest in higher elevational populations and these sources also recorded higher germination, survival, and plant height under nursery conditions. Thus we recommend that germplasm （seed） should be collected from moderately higher elevational sources for nursery as well as future breeding strategies of this potential agroforestry tree crop of the central Himalaya.展开更多
The sex-based differences between the effects of two novel sugar-based drug candidates,a sulfated polymannuroguluronate(SPMG-911)and an acidic oligosaccharide sugar chain compound(AOSC-971),on the enzymes CYP 1A2,CYP2...The sex-based differences between the effects of two novel sugar-based drug candidates,a sulfated polymannuroguluronate(SPMG-911)and an acidic oligosaccharide sugar chain compound(AOSC-971),on the enzymes CYP 1A2,CYP2E1 and CYP3A4 of Chinese human liver microsome were investigated.The results showed that neither SPMG-911 nor AOSC-971 have any effect on CYP3A4,AOSC-971 induced the CYP 2E1 in men but have no effect on CYP1A2,SPMG-911 inhibit the CYP1A2 also in men but have no effect on CYP2E1.The results are useful for their safety evaluation,as well as for the prediction of inter-drug interactions associated with the two drugs.展开更多
Intensive light pulses with widths of about 10 ns were observed during the crack propagation by cleavage of crystalline sugar at atmospheric pressure.The observed light pulses were caused by a sequence of gas microdis...Intensive light pulses with widths of about 10 ns were observed during the crack propagation by cleavage of crystalline sugar at atmospheric pressure.The observed light pulses were caused by a sequence of gas microdischarges(MDs).The pulses were detected in the UV/VIS and NIR wavelength ranges.First the light pulses appear in the UV/VIS wavelength range,and then after a delay of about 0.4–1.2 ns in the NIR wavelength range.This characteristic feature of MDs can be used for the characterization of crack propagation.展开更多
Lignocellulosic biomass, being treated only with ammonia, treated with ammonia and then autoclaved, and treated with white-rot fungi after being mechanically chipped, were carried out to access the effects of lignocel...Lignocellulosic biomass, being treated only with ammonia, treated with ammonia and then autoclaved, and treated with white-rot fungi after being mechanically chipped, were carried out to access the effects of lignocellulose degradation by white-rot fimgi cultured on rapeseed straw. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic analysis was used to show that the white-rot fungus Bjerkandera sp. strain increase the susceptibility of straw to enzymatic saccharification by modifying the lignin component, revealing the effect of these pretreatments on enzymatic saccharification. Reducing sugar production from straws pretreated by ammonia/mechanical chipping/fungi degradation was 29.80% higher than the samples treated with ammonia/autoclaving, indicating an effective degradation of phenolic compounds. After ammonia pretreatment 41% of the straw was converted to RS （reducing sugars） （glucose 50%）. After 5 weeks pretreatment with the white-rot fungus, 54.8% of rapeseed straw was further converted to RS, 74% of which was glucose; while only 12% of the control straw was converted （glucose 42%）. The white-rot fungus Bjerkandera sp. strain degraded rapeseed straw preferentially at the early stage （before 20 d）, and the degradation selectivity was 0.181 1 （cellulose）, 0.364 1 （hemicellulose）, and 0.454 8 （lignin）, suggesting that removal of the phenolic barriers enhanced reducing sugar yield, and the efficiency of fungal pretreatment was comparable with that after alkali treatment, resulting a higher proportion of glucose in the hydrolysates.展开更多
(1)I don’t have any sugar with me.(2)I got a sugar report this morning.上列两句中都有 sugar,该怎么译?sugar 本义为糖,那么这样译对不对呢?(1)我没带糖。(2)今天早上我收到一份糖的报告。显然译文很令人费解。其实,正确的译文是...(1)I don’t have any sugar with me.(2)I got a sugar report this morning.上列两句中都有 sugar,该怎么译?sugar 本义为糖,那么这样译对不对呢?(1)我没带糖。(2)今天早上我收到一份糖的报告。显然译文很令人费解。其实,正确的译文是:(1)我没带钱。(2)今天早上我收到一封情书。翻译中常会碰到这样的问题:句中的单词个个认得。展开更多
In this issue of Cell,Borriello et al.show that soluble fungal mannans elicit potent innate immune responses within skin-draining lymph nodes.These can be exploited for effective development of adaptive immune respons...In this issue of Cell,Borriello et al.show that soluble fungal mannans elicit potent innate immune responses within skin-draining lymph nodes.These can be exploited for effective development of adaptive immune responses against viral glycoproteins,thus enhancing vaccine immunogenicity and protection.展开更多
A trusty and intuitionistic method for screening chitinase produced by Trichoderma spp. was developed. 38 isolates of Trichoderma spp. were cultured in liquid medium with chitin or colloidal chitin as the sole carbon ...A trusty and intuitionistic method for screening chitinase produced by Trichoderma spp. was developed. 38 isolates of Trichoderma spp. were cultured in liquid medium with chitin or colloidal chitin as the sole carbon source for 4 days. The supernatant of the fermented broth was mixed with colloidal chitin and heated in water-bath at 37℃ for 30 min, then 3,5-dinitrosalicylic acid reagent (DNS) was added to the mixture, and let them react for 10 min in water-bath. According to the different colour of the mixture, the isolates of Trichoderma spp. which can produce chitinase could be screened.展开更多
How intestinal microbes regulate metabolic syndrome is incompletely understood.We show that intestinal microbiota protects against development of obesity,metabolic syndrome,and pre-diabetic phenotypes by inducing comm...How intestinal microbes regulate metabolic syndrome is incompletely understood.We show that intestinal microbiota protects against development of obesity,metabolic syndrome,and pre-diabetic phenotypes by inducing commensal-specific Th17 cells.High-fat,high-sugar diet promoted metabolic disease by depleting Th17-inducing microbes,and recovery of commensal Th17 cells restored protection.Microbiota-induced Th17 cells afforded protection by regulating lipid absorption across intestinal epithelium in an IL-17-dependent manner.Diet-induced loss of protective Th17 cells was mediated by the presence of sugar.展开更多
For the purpose of satisfying high demands for taste,color,flavor,and storage of meat products,water retention agents(WRAs)play an important role.Phosphate has been widely used as an attractive functional material for...For the purpose of satisfying high demands for taste,color,flavor,and storage of meat products,water retention agents(WRAs)play an important role.Phosphate has been widely used as an attractive functional material for water retention in current practical applications.However,excessive phosphate addition and longterm consumption may be harmful impacts on health and the environment.Therefore,it is vital to develop safe and efficient phosphate-free WRAs for further improving water-holding capacity(WHC)efficacy and edible safety,especially in meat products.In particular,sugar water retention agents(SWRAs)are increasingly popular because of their perfect safety,excellent WHC,and superior biological properties.This review discusses the inducements and mechanisms underlying water loss in meat products.In addition,we focused on the research progresses and related mechanisms of SWRAs in the WHC of meat products and its unique biological functions,as well as the extraction technology.Finally,the future application and development of SWRA were prospected.展开更多
文摘In Shandong,the special folk activity of blowing sugar figures during the Spring Festival has a long history.It is said that this skill can be traced back to the Tang Dynasty.At that time,as sugar-making technology improved a lot,smart folk craftsmen(工匠)began to use sugar to create various small items.Once heated,sugar turns soft and malleable(可塑的).
文摘In order to enrich the germplasm resources of sugar beet resistant to damping-off and explore their physiological mechanisms in response to the disease,the previously isolated and purified Rhizoctonia solani were employed to inoculate 112 main sugar beet varieties.The emergence rate,morbidity,mortality rate,peroxidase(POD)activity were investigated.The results showed that 112 main sugar beet varieties were divided into six levels according to the incidence rate:disease resistance(≤40%),high resistance(40%<to≤50%),medium resistance(50%<to≤60%),medium sensitivity(60%<to≤70%),high sensitivity(70%<to≤80%)and disease susceptibility(>80%).On the basis of this classification,5 disease resistant varieties,9 highly resistant varieties,9 moderately resistant varieties,20 moderately susceptible varieties,21 highly susceptible varieties,and 48 susceptible varieties were classified.Moreover,it was found that POD of disease-resistant varieties was significantly different from that of susceptible varieties.This approach provides a theoretical basis for the rational breeding of sugar beet varieties resistant to sugar beet damping-off,and have certain reference value for the development of the domestic sugar beet planting industry.
基金Financial support by Dual Initiative Project of Jiangsu Province and Changzhou University is gratefully acknowledgedSample analysis supported by Analysis and Testing Center,NERC Biomass of Changzhou University was also greatly acknowledged.
文摘The transformation of aldose to ketose or common sugars into rare saccharides,including rare ketoses and aldoses,is of great value and interest to the food industry and for saccharidic biomass utilization,medicine,and the synthesis of drugs.Nowadays,high-fructose corn syrup(HFCS)is industrially produced in more than 10 million tons annually using immobilized glucose isomerase.Some low-calorie saccharides such as tagatose and psicose,which are becoming popular sweeteners,have also been produced on a pilot scale in order to replace sucrose and HFCS.However,current catalysts and catalytic processes are still difficult to utilize in biomass conversion and also have strong substrate dependence in producing high-value,rare sugars.Considering the specific reaction properties of saccharides and catalysts,since the pioneering discovery by Fischer,various catalysts and catalytic systems have been discovered or developed in attempts to extend the reaction pathways,improve the reaction efficiency,and to potentially produce commercial products.In this review,we trace the history of sugar isomerization/epimerization reactions and summarize the important breakthroughs for each reaction as well as the difficulties that remain unresolved to date.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(7191010700,91746205).
文摘Background The associations between sugary beverages and genetic predisposition to depression risk remain unclear.Aims This study aimed to investigate the associations of sugar-sweetened beverages(SSBs),artificially sweetened beverages(ASBs)and natural juices(NJs)with depression and to assess whether these associations were modified by genetic predisposition.Methods We used data from the UK Biobank of 180599 individuals aged 39-72 years who were depression-free at baseline.Dietary intake of SSBs,ASBs and NJs was accessed by a 24-hour dietary recall between 2009 and 2012.The Polygenic Risk Score for depression was estimated and categorised as low(lowest tertile),intermediate(tertile 2)and high(highest tertile),.Cox proportional hazard and substitution models were conducted to evaluate hazard ratios(HRs)and 95%Cls.Results Over the 12-year follow-up,4915 individuals developed depression.Higher consumption(>2 units/day)of SSBs(HR:1.26,95%CI 1.12 to 1.43)and ASBs(HR:1.40,95%Cl 1.23 to 1.60)were both associated with an increased risk of depression.However,moderate consumption(>0-1 units/day)of NJs was associated with a lower risk of depression(HR:0.89,95%CI 0.83 to 0.95).Furthermore,genetic predisposition did not modify these associations(p interaction>0.05).In substitution models,the HRs for depression risk were 0.94(95%CI 0.89 to 0.99)and 0.89(95%CI 0.85 to 0.94),respectively,when 1 unit/day of SSBs or ASBs was replaced by an equivalent intake of NJs.Conclusions Higher consumption of SSBs and ASBs was associated with an increased risk of depression;in contrast,moderate consumption of NJs was inversely associated with a lower risk of depression.In theory,substituting SSBs and ASBswith NJs would suppose a reduction of depression risk.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grants 21973110 and 21925406).
文摘Recently,Gary et al.published an article elucidating how sugars contribute to the protection of dry protein structure.They utilized an ingenious liquid-observed vapor exchange(LOVE)nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR)method,providing valuable insights into the protection mechanism of sugars during the drying process.The details of their study can be found in the article available at https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.biochem.2c00692.
基金Supported by China Agriculture Research System(Sugar Crops)of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs and Ministry of Finance(CARS-170601)Natural Science Foundation of Heilongjiang Province(C201239).
文摘With the advancement of agricultural mechanization,soil compaction has become a serious environmental problem.Soil compaction can increase soil bulk density and firmness,reduce porosity and permeability,and deteriorate soil structure,ultimately inhibit sugar beet growth and reduce both root yield and sugar content.However,few farmers recognize the link between soil compaction and these adverse effects.Soil compaction has a cumulative effect,with significant differences observed in the vertical range of compaction accumulation.The most significant soil compaction occurs in the topsoil of 0-10 cm,and the influence depth can reach 70 cm,but it is small in deep soil,and the inflection point is at a soil depth of 10 cm.The degree of soil compaction is related to soil type,water content,tractor shaft load,tyre type,tyre pressure and operation speed,etc.Therefore,in the production process of sugar beet,it is advisable to avoid high-humidity operations,use low pressure tyres,reduce the number of tractor-units passes over the farmland,and implement agricultural and agronomic measures to minimize soil compaction.These practices will help protect the soil environment and ensure sustainable production of sugar beets.
基金This paper was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 39970627) and the Key Project of State Department of Science Technology (2002BA515B05).
文摘The content of total sugar, sucrose, fructose and protein in the leaves of3-yr.-old Betula platyphylla was measured after the treatment by three exogenous sugar solutions(sucrose, fructose, glucose) and three high concentrations of CO_2 (700, 1 400, 2 100 μL/L·L^(-1))for about a month in 1998. The results showed that spraying three exogenous sugar solutionsincreased markedly the content of sugar and protein of leaves under 700 μL·L^(-1) and 1 400μL·L^(-1) CO_2 The effect of spraying exogenous sucrose solution was the best among the threeexogenous sugars. The treatment of spraying exogenous sugar solution and 2 100 μL·L^(-1) CO_2constrained the accumulation of total sugar and protein of leaves. There was no difference inprotein content of leaves when spraying glucose and fructose solutions under 700 μL·L^(-1) and 1400 μL·L^(-1) CO_2. The treatment of 2 100 μL·L^(-1) CO_2 concentration significantly increasedthe contents of total sugar, sucrose, fructose, and protein of leaves compared with that of the 700μL·L^(-1) and 1 400 μL·L^(-1) CO_2 except the plants spraying fructose solution. There waspositive correlation between the content of sugar of leaves and CO_2 concentration when sprayingsame exogenous sugar solution.
文摘Populus tomentosa seedlings for cold-acclimating were pretreated wit h or without 20% saccharose. Changes in the concentrations of total soluble sugar , the survival rates, and freezing tolerance of seedlings during cold acclimatio n were investigated. The results showed that cold acclimation increased the conc entrations of total soluble sugar, the survival rates and freezing tolerance. Co ld acclimation, combined with the saccharose-pretreatment, enhanced the above- ment ioned effect of cold acclimation, and obviously increased the concentrations of total soluble sugar, the survival rates and freezing tolerance of seedlings. Fur ther analysis found that the concentrations of total soluble sugar in branches i ncreased greater than that in leaves during both cold acclimation with or withou t the pretreatment of saccharose. Moreover, an increase of the concentrations of total soluble sugar in branches and leaves was closely related to the freezing tolerance of seedlings. The results indicate the accumulation of soluble sugar i n seedlings induced by cold acclimation may be involved in the induction of free zing tolerance .
文摘The effect of microwave treatment on the tensile properties of treated sugar palm fibre with 6% NaOH reinforced thermoplastic polyurethane composites was investigated. Firstly, the sugar palm fibres were treated by 6% alkali solution. Then, microwave treatment was used to treat the alkali treated sugar palm fibres. Three types of temperatures(i.e. 70, 80 and 90℃) were applied in microwave treatment. The extruder and hot press machines were used to mixing the sugar palm fibres and polyurethane resin, and fabricate the composites. Tensile properties(i.e. tensile strength, tensile modulus and elongation at break) were studied by following the ASTM D-638 standard. The highest tensile strength was recorded 18.42 MPa with microwave temperature at 70℃ and 6% alkali pre-treatment. Therefore, the temperature 70℃ of microwave treatment may consider the best degree cent grate.
基金The financial support for this study by National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.30960242)National Basic Research Program of China(973 program)(No.2012CB720805)Training Project of Young Scientists of Jiangxi Province(Stars of Jing gang)is gratefully acknowledged.
文摘The sugar standard implemented under specific historical conditions had played a positive role in standardizing the production of China's sugar industry,promoting the development of sugar industry and strengthening the quality management of sugar products.This paper systematically combs the development of national standard and industrial standard of white granulated sugar,and analyzes the technical requirements such as sensory indicators,physical and chemical indicators and health indicators.From the development of China's white granulated sugar product standard,the sucrose content of the same level of white granulated sugar has not been adjusted,while the standard for indexes other than sucrose content,have been improved to meet the needs of the development of China's sugar industry and the development of domestic and foreign trade.Through comparison with the international standard of white granulated sugar,it is concluded that China’s national standard of white granulated sugar has kept pace with international standard.
文摘We estimated variation in the allocation of metabolites （phenol, sugar, and electrical conductance） in seed, fruit and seedling leachates of 25 populations of Grewia. oppositifolia. Higher quantity of phenolics and higher electrical conductance were observed in plants from lower-middle altitudes but this was not correlated significantly with germination, survival, or plant height. On the other hand, sugar content in fruit pulp leachates was greatest in higher elevational populations and these sources also recorded higher germination, survival, and plant height under nursery conditions. Thus we recommend that germplasm （seed） should be collected from moderately higher elevational sources for nursery as well as future breeding strategies of this potential agroforestry tree crop of the central Himalaya.
文摘The sex-based differences between the effects of two novel sugar-based drug candidates,a sulfated polymannuroguluronate(SPMG-911)and an acidic oligosaccharide sugar chain compound(AOSC-971),on the enzymes CYP 1A2,CYP2E1 and CYP3A4 of Chinese human liver microsome were investigated.The results showed that neither SPMG-911 nor AOSC-971 have any effect on CYP3A4,AOSC-971 induced the CYP 2E1 in men but have no effect on CYP1A2,SPMG-911 inhibit the CYP1A2 also in men but have no effect on CYP2E1.The results are useful for their safety evaluation,as well as for the prediction of inter-drug interactions associated with the two drugs.
基金by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft of DFG under Grants No TO-156/26-2.
文摘Intensive light pulses with widths of about 10 ns were observed during the crack propagation by cleavage of crystalline sugar at atmospheric pressure.The observed light pulses were caused by a sequence of gas microdischarges(MDs).The pulses were detected in the UV/VIS and NIR wavelength ranges.First the light pulses appear in the UV/VIS wavelength range,and then after a delay of about 0.4–1.2 ns in the NIR wavelength range.This characteristic feature of MDs can be used for the characterization of crack propagation.
基金supported by the New & Renewable Energy of the Korea Institute of Energy Technology Evaluation and Planning(KETEP)Grant Funded by the Korea Government Ministry of Knowledge Economy(No.20103020090020)
文摘Lignocellulosic biomass, being treated only with ammonia, treated with ammonia and then autoclaved, and treated with white-rot fungi after being mechanically chipped, were carried out to access the effects of lignocellulose degradation by white-rot fimgi cultured on rapeseed straw. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic analysis was used to show that the white-rot fungus Bjerkandera sp. strain increase the susceptibility of straw to enzymatic saccharification by modifying the lignin component, revealing the effect of these pretreatments on enzymatic saccharification. Reducing sugar production from straws pretreated by ammonia/mechanical chipping/fungi degradation was 29.80% higher than the samples treated with ammonia/autoclaving, indicating an effective degradation of phenolic compounds. After ammonia pretreatment 41% of the straw was converted to RS （reducing sugars） （glucose 50%）. After 5 weeks pretreatment with the white-rot fungus, 54.8% of rapeseed straw was further converted to RS, 74% of which was glucose; while only 12% of the control straw was converted （glucose 42%）. The white-rot fungus Bjerkandera sp. strain degraded rapeseed straw preferentially at the early stage （before 20 d）, and the degradation selectivity was 0.181 1 （cellulose）, 0.364 1 （hemicellulose）, and 0.454 8 （lignin）, suggesting that removal of the phenolic barriers enhanced reducing sugar yield, and the efficiency of fungal pretreatment was comparable with that after alkali treatment, resulting a higher proportion of glucose in the hydrolysates.
文摘(1)I don’t have any sugar with me.(2)I got a sugar report this morning.上列两句中都有 sugar,该怎么译?sugar 本义为糖,那么这样译对不对呢?(1)我没带糖。(2)今天早上我收到一份糖的报告。显然译文很令人费解。其实,正确的译文是:(1)我没带钱。(2)今天早上我收到一封情书。翻译中常会碰到这样的问题:句中的单词个个认得。
文摘In this issue of Cell,Borriello et al.show that soluble fungal mannans elicit potent innate immune responses within skin-draining lymph nodes.These can be exploited for effective development of adaptive immune responses against viral glycoproteins,thus enhancing vaccine immunogenicity and protection.
文摘A trusty and intuitionistic method for screening chitinase produced by Trichoderma spp. was developed. 38 isolates of Trichoderma spp. were cultured in liquid medium with chitin or colloidal chitin as the sole carbon source for 4 days. The supernatant of the fermented broth was mixed with colloidal chitin and heated in water-bath at 37℃ for 30 min, then 3,5-dinitrosalicylic acid reagent (DNS) was added to the mixture, and let them react for 10 min in water-bath. According to the different colour of the mixture, the isolates of Trichoderma spp. which can produce chitinase could be screened.
文摘How intestinal microbes regulate metabolic syndrome is incompletely understood.We show that intestinal microbiota protects against development of obesity,metabolic syndrome,and pre-diabetic phenotypes by inducing commensal-specific Th17 cells.High-fat,high-sugar diet promoted metabolic disease by depleting Th17-inducing microbes,and recovery of commensal Th17 cells restored protection.Microbiota-induced Th17 cells afforded protection by regulating lipid absorption across intestinal epithelium in an IL-17-dependent manner.Diet-induced loss of protective Th17 cells was mediated by the presence of sugar.
基金funded by National Natural Science Foundation of China(51901160)。
文摘For the purpose of satisfying high demands for taste,color,flavor,and storage of meat products,water retention agents(WRAs)play an important role.Phosphate has been widely used as an attractive functional material for water retention in current practical applications.However,excessive phosphate addition and longterm consumption may be harmful impacts on health and the environment.Therefore,it is vital to develop safe and efficient phosphate-free WRAs for further improving water-holding capacity(WHC)efficacy and edible safety,especially in meat products.In particular,sugar water retention agents(SWRAs)are increasingly popular because of their perfect safety,excellent WHC,and superior biological properties.This review discusses the inducements and mechanisms underlying water loss in meat products.In addition,we focused on the research progresses and related mechanisms of SWRAs in the WHC of meat products and its unique biological functions,as well as the extraction technology.Finally,the future application and development of SWRA were prospected.
