OBJECTIVE Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharide peptides(GLPP)have an anti-oxidant activity.The oxidative stress implicates in the pathogenesis of renal ischemia-reperfusion injury(RIRI).The objective of this study was to ...OBJECTIVE Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharide peptides(GLPP)have an anti-oxidant activity.The oxidative stress implicates in the pathogenesis of renal ischemia-reperfusion injury(RIRI).The objective of this study was to determine whether GLPP could attenuate RIRI via counteracting the oxidative stress.METHODS Mice subjected to uninephrectomy with the right kidney ischemia for 35 min and reperfusion for 24 hwere used to explore the protective activity of GLPP against RIRI.In GLPP-treated group,100mg·kg-1·d-1 of GLPP were intraperitoneally injected for 7dbefore the procedure.In vitro,NRK-52 Ecells subjected to hypoxia-reoxygenation(H/R)and tunicamycin were used to explore the protective effect of GLPP against oxidative stress.The mechanisms in which GLPP protected kidney from RIRI were studied using a series of physiological and molecular biological methods.RESULTS Kidneys undergone ischemia-reperfusion showed renal dysfunction and characteristic morphological changes including cellular necrosis,brush border loss,cast formation,vacuolization and tubular dilatation while these damages were significantly attenuated by GLPP treatment.The abnormal levels of MPO,MDA and SOD caused by renal ischemia-reperfusion were significantly reversed by GLPP treatment.More apoptotic cells were found in the renal ischemia-reperfusion group than the sham group whereas GLPP reduced apoptotic cells in the ischemia-reperfusion mice by21.75%(P<0.01).The GLPPs(25-1μg·mL)alleviated H/R induced cell viability loss by 20.12%(P<0.01)andΔφm dissipation by 27.3%(P<0.01)in vitro as well and its pretreatment dramatically reduced H/R and tunicamycin induced cell injury.CONCLUSION Our study found that GLPP had a protective effect on RIRI via its anti-oxidative capacity,which suggests that GLPP may be developed as a candidate drug for preventing acute kidney injury.展开更多
Platycodon grandiflorum A.DC.(PAl)C)root was taken as experiment material to extract polysaccharide.On the base of single factor tests(extraction time,extraction temperature,liquid-solid ratio,solvent pH value and NaC...Platycodon grandiflorum A.DC.(PAl)C)root was taken as experiment material to extract polysaccharide.On the base of single factor tests(extraction time,extraction temperature,liquid-solid ratio,solvent pH value and NaCl concentration),the study concluded the main factors affecting the extraction of PADC polysaccharide,which are liquid-solid ratio,extraction time and extraction temperature.Then through central-composite test design,the extraction conditions were concluded as liquid-solid ratio 34.43,extraction time 89.83 min and extraction temperature 52.47℃.By means of validation experiments,the adequacy of this model was confirmed.展开更多
OBJECTIVE Although the underlying mechanism is largely unknown,gut dysbiosis has emerged as a central initiator of obesity-related diseases including nonalcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD),type 2 diabetes and metabol...OBJECTIVE Although the underlying mechanism is largely unknown,gut dysbiosis has emerged as a central initiator of obesity-related diseases including nonalcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD),type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome.The emerging evidence support the use of prebiotics like herb-derived polysaccharides for treating NAFLD by modulating gut microbiome.So,our study focused on the microbiota-dependent anti-NAFLD effect and the exact mechanisms of Astragalus polysaccharides(APS)extracted from Astragalus mongholicus Bunge in high-fat diet(HFD)fed mice.METHODS Co-housing experiment was used to assess the microbiota dependent anti-NAFLD effect of APS.Then,targeted metabolomics and metagenomics were adopted for determining short-chain fatty acids(SCFAs)and bacteria that were specifically enriched by APS.Further in vitro experiment was carried out to test the capacity of SCFAs-producing of identified bacterium.Finally,the anti-NAFLD efficacy of identified bacterium was tested in HFD fed mice.RESULTS Our results first demonstrated the anti-NAFLD effect of APS in HFD fed mice and the contribution of gut microbiota.Moreover,our results indicated that SCFAs,predominantly acetic acid were elevated in APS-supplemented mice and ex vivo experiment.Metagenomics revealed that D.vulgaris from Desulfovibrio genus was not only enriched by APS,but also a potent generator of acetic acid,which showed significant anti-NAFLD effects in HFD fed mice.In addition,D.vulgaris modulated the hepatic gene expression pattern of lipids metabolism,particularly suppressed hepatic fatty acid synthase(FASN)and CD36 protein expression.CONCLUSION APS enriched D.vulgaris is effective on attenuating hepatic steatosis possibly through producing acetic acid,and modulation on hepatic lipids metabolism in mice.Further studies are warranted to explore the long-term impacts of D.vulgaris on host metabolism and the underlying mechanism.展开更多
The microwave-assisted method was used to extract polysaccharides from solanum nigrum. The optimum experimental parameters, mechanism of the extraction and the effect of microwave-assisted extraction process on the st...The microwave-assisted method was used to extract polysaccharides from solanum nigrum. The optimum experimental parameters, mechanism of the extraction and the effect of microwave-assisted extraction process on the structures of polysaccharides were investigated. The extract was analyzed by the modified phenol-sulfuric acid method at 490nm. The optimum experimental parameters were obtained by orthogonal experiments as follows: extraction time 15min, microwave radiation power 455W and the process ratio of materials mass to solvent volume 1∶20. The results show that compared with the conventional reflux extraction, the microwave-assisted extraction has a higher yield in shorter time, with no effect on the finally obtained polysaccharides as seen from the FT-IR spectra. The scanning electron microscopy images reveal that the mechanism of the extraction is related to the structural changes of the plant cells in different extracting conditions.展开更多
Process parameters of microwave assisted extraction （MAE） of the polysaccharides from pumpkin viz. extraction temperature, time and liquid-solid ratio were studied by using single factor and response surface methodo...Process parameters of microwave assisted extraction （MAE） of the polysaccharides from pumpkin viz. extraction temperature, time and liquid-solid ratio were studied by using single factor and response surface methodology method. The results showed that the liquid-solid ratio was the most important factor in polysaccharides yield, followed the extraction temperature was the least important factor. The optimum microwave assisted extraction co by ndi extraction time, and tions for the highest polysaccharides yield from pumpkin （16.76%-4-0.38%） were obtained by using the response surface methodology with extraction time of 29 min, an extraction temperature of 79 ℃ and a liquid-solid ratio of 22 mL·g^-1. Validation experiment result well agreed with predicted value.展开更多
The different extraction technology and purification technology ofHippohpae rhamoides polysaccharides were researched in the paper. The best method of papain extraction were obtained, the ratio of papain 2%, pH at 5.5...The different extraction technology and purification technology ofHippohpae rhamoides polysaccharides were researched in the paper. The best method of papain extraction were obtained, the ratio of papain 2%, pH at 5.5, temperature at 45℃ and extraction time of 20 min were suitable for papain extraction. The highest content of Hippohpae rhamoides polysaccharides was 44.28 mg·g^-1. The optimum process of ultrasonic extraction were obtained, namely extracted for 55 min at 480 W with the material ratio of 1：20. The highest content of Hippohpae rhamoides polysaccharides was 48.63 mg·g^-1. The results showed that the ultrasonic and papain extraction together was the best method, the content was 54.30 mg·g^-1. After the removing protein, pigment and dialysis. Two fraction were separated from the purified Hippohpae rhamoides by DEAE-cellulose chromatography, the main fraction was collected finally. The fraction was identified by Sepharose CL-4B gel filtration. Ultraviolet spectrometry, freeze-thawing analysis showed that fraction was purified. Its molecular weight was probably 109.4 ku.展开更多
Polygonati Rhizoma is the dry rhizome of Liliaceae plants Polygonatum kingianum coil ethemsl,Polygonatum sibiricum Redoute and Polygonatum cyrtonem Hua.It tastes sweet and has a flat nature.It belongs to the spleen,lu...Polygonati Rhizoma is the dry rhizome of Liliaceae plants Polygonatum kingianum coil ethemsl,Polygonatum sibiricum Redoute and Polygonatum cyrtonem Hua.It tastes sweet and has a flat nature.It belongs to the spleen,lung and kidney channels.Polygonati Rhizoma contains a variety of chemical components,including polysaccharides,alkaloids,steroidal saponins,lignans,phytosterols,and so on.Polygonati Rhizoma polysaccharide(PSP)is one of the main bioactive components of Polygonati Rhizoma.It is widely used.It has the effects of enhancing immunity,anti-inflammatory,anti-virus and regulating blood lipid.In recent years,the immunomodulatory function of PSP has been paid more and more attention by researchers.PSP can play an immunomodulatory role through a variety of mechanisms.(1)Effects of PSP on innate immunity.①Macrophages have a strong ability to phagocytize and clear foreign bodies.When polysaccharides bind to macrophage specific membrane receptors,the immune response will be officially activated.RAW264.7 cells can be activated by PSP MR and TLR4 mediated signal pathway to improve the pinocytosis and phagocytosis of RAW264.7 cells.②Natural killer cell(NK cell)is a very important immune cell in the body.It is a non-specific immune killer cell naturally existing in the body.It has the dual functions of immune regulation and cytotoxicity.It was found that the signal pathway mediated by PSP CR3 and TRL2 may play a major role in the stimulation of NK cells.(2)Effects of PSP on adaptive immune response.①Lymphocytes can be divided into two forms:T cells and B cells due to different differentiation and maturation sites.T lymphocytes are the general name of thymus dependent lymphocytes.B lymphocytes differentiate and mature from animal bone marrow cells and exert their humoral immune function by secreting different antibodies.It was found that PSP could activate T/B lymphocytes and increase the ratio of CD4+/CD8+in lymph cells to promote the regulation of immune system.②Thymus and spleen index refers to the level of body immunity through the development of immune organs and the functional status of immune cells.The higher the index of thymus and spleen,the higher the immune activity.A large number of studies have found that PSP can improve immune activity by promoting the proliferation of spleen lymphocytes and regulating organ index,so as to increase the weight and index of thymus and spleen induced by CY.③Antibody is a glycoprotein secreted by B cells after antigen stimulation and a series of proliferation and differentiation into plasma cells.Antibody production level is one of the main indicators of nonspecific immune function.PSP can not only improve the serum antibody level of mice by regulating the phagocytosis of mouse macrophages and the level of serum hemolysin,but also enhance the concentration of IL-2 secreted by spleen lymphocytes in vitro to increase the level of antibody response,and then improve the humoral immune function of the body.(3)Effect of PSP on cytokines.①A large number of experiments have proved that PSP has a significant effect on promoting the production of interleukin(IL).PSP can combine with specific receptors on the surface of immune cells to activate various intracellular signal transduction pathways,enhance the secretion of cytokines such as IL-2,IL-4,IL-6 and IL^(-1)0 by spleen lymphocytes in vitro,make them directly kill target cells and regulate the immune function of the body at the molecular level.②Interferon(IFN)is a special protein or glycoprotein produced by human or animal cells in response to various stimuli.It plays an important role in anti-virus,immune regulation and cell proliferation control.It was found that PSP could increase IFN-γsecreted by T cells and NK cells,activate macrophages to regulate immune function.③Tumor necrosis factor(TNF)is mainly produced by activated macrophages,NK cells and activated T cells.It is a cytokine with important biological activity in antitumor immune response.④Tumor necrosis factor(TNF)is mainly produced by activated macrophages,NK cells and activated T cells.It is a cytokine with important biological activity in antitumor immune response.PSP can promote the proliferation and phagocytic activity of macrophage RAW264.7 to reduce its apoptosis rate.By increasing the secretion of TNF-α,PSP can promote the dissociation between NF-κВprotein and IκВp65 protein after phosphorylation,so as to start the expression and transcription of related immune genes.In conclusion,PSP can improve immunity and has a good application prospect in the development of immunomodulatory drugs.展开更多
OBJECTIVE Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharide peptide(GLPP)is a group of extract from Ganoderma lucidum with a molecular mass of approximately 5×10^5,which ratio of polysaccharide to peptide is approximately 95%/5%....OBJECTIVE Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharide peptide(GLPP)is a group of extract from Ganoderma lucidum with a molecular mass of approximately 5×10^5,which ratio of polysaccharide to peptide is approximately 95%/5%.The purpose of this study was to determine whether GLPP has therapeutic effect on Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD).METHODS Ob/ob mouse model and ApoC3 transgenic mouse model were used for exploring the effect of GLPP on NAFLD.Key metabolic pathways and enzymes were identified by metabolomics combining with KEGG and PIUmet analyses and key enzymes were detected by Western blotting.Hepatosteatosis models of HepG2 cells and primary hepatocytes were used to further confirm the therapeutic effect of GLPP on NAFLD.RESULTS GLPP administrated for a month alleviated hepatosteatosis,dyslipidemia,liver dysfunction and liver insulin resistance.Pathways of glycerophos⁃pholipid metabolism,fatty acid metabolism and primary bile acid biosynthesis were involved in the therapeutic effect of GLPP on NAFLD.Detection of key enzymes revealed that GLPP reversed low expression of CYP7A1,CYP8B1,FXR,SHP and high expression of FGFR4 in ob/ob mice and ApoC3 mice.Besides,GLPP inhibited fatty acid synthesis by reducing the expression of SREBP1c,FAS and ACC via a FXR-SHP dependent mechanism.Additionally,GLPP reduced the accumulation of lipid droplets and the content of TG in HepG2 cells and primary hepatocytes induced by oleic acid and palmitic acid.CONCLUSION GLPP significantly improves NAFLD via regulating bile acid synthesis dependent on FXR-SHP/FGF pathway,which finally inhibits fatty acid synthesis,indicating that GLPP might be developed as a ther⁃apeutic drug for NAFLD.展开更多
Diabetic nephropathy(DN)is one of the most common complications of diabetes.It is an important cause of diabetes disability and death.DN is a systemic metabolic syndrome.In its pathogenesis,the interaction of various ...Diabetic nephropathy(DN)is one of the most common complications of diabetes.It is an important cause of diabetes disability and death.DN is a systemic metabolic syndrome.In its pathogenesis,the interaction of various cell activities and a large number of cytokine biological activities,the activation of signal pathways and so on are involved in the development of DN.At present,the clinical treatment of DN is mainly Western medicine,but it has limitations such as strong toxicity,high side effects and poor compliance.Therefore,the discovery of natural anti-DN substances has also become an important means to treat DN.Mulberry leaves are the dry leaves of Morus alba L.It is not only a traditional Chinese medicine,but also a dual-purpose medicinal material for medicine and food.It has the effects of dispelling wind and clearing heat,cooling blood and brightening eyes,tonifying and so on.Mulberry leaf polysaccharide(MLP)is a kind of high molecular compound in mulberry leaves.It has many pharmacological effects,such as hypoglycemic,antioxidant,anti-stress,anti-virus and so on.Therefore,the pharmacological effects of mulberry leaf polysaccharides on diabetic nephropathy are reviewed in this paper,so as to provide references for further research and application.The pathogenesis of DN is complex,and the mechanism of renal injury has not been completely clarified.The current studies believe that DN is closely related to heredity,abnormal glucose metabolism,abnormal lipid metabolism,microcirculation disorder,cytokine action,oxidative stress and so on.Relevant studies show that the pharmacological effects of mulberry leaf polysaccharide in the prevention and treatment of DN mainly include:①Effect on transforming factor-β1(TGF-β1):TGF-β1 has become an important cytokine involved in the formation of renal fibrosis by regulating cell proliferation and differentiation and the production of extracellular matrix(ECM).MLP can significantly inhibit TGF-β1 protein,and then inhibit the synthesis of extracellular matrix by renal interstitial fibroblasts and inhibit the realization of fibrosis.②Effect on insulin receptor substrate(IRS-1):IRS-1 is an important signal molecule at the beginning of IR signal transduction.The decrease of IRS-1 gene expression or the decrease of expression can affect the effective transmission of IR signal and lead to the development and deterioration of diabetes. MPL can significantly increase the expression of IRS-1 mRNA in liver tissue of DN rats, so as to prevent and treat DN. ③ Effect on the expression of resistin protein in adipose tis sue. Resistin is a secretory polypeptide derived from adipose tissue and is specifically expressed in white adipose tissue and is closely related to type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Experimental studies show that MLP can effectively reduce the expression of resistin protein in white adipose tissue of T2DM rats, indicating that MLP may reduce the level of IR by inhibiting the expression of resistin in adipose tissue, thereby reducing the insulin resistance state of T2DM rats, so as to achieve the goal of treating diabetes. ④ Effect on adiponectin receptor 1 (AdipoR1): adiponectin can improve insulin resistance, reduce blood glucose and lipid. AdipoR1 is mainly expressed in skeletal muscle and kidney. Studies have shown that AdipoR1 is closely related to the occurrence and development of DN. The results showed that MLP could reduce the blood glucose and blood lipid level and up regulate the expression of AdipoR1 mRNA in DN rats, suggesting that MLP may delay the occurrence and development of DN. This article reviewed the pharmacological effects of mulberry leaf polysaccharides on diabetic nephropathy, and provided a useful basis for further development and utilization of mul berry leaf polysaccharides in the treatment of DN.展开更多
By a sequentially selective extraction procedure, polysaccharides (PS) from cyanobacterium Spirulina (Arthrospira) maxima that can be bio functionally healthy components were fractionated in four parts including the c...By a sequentially selective extraction procedure, polysaccharides (PS) from cyanobacterium Spirulina (Arthrospira) maxima that can be bio functionally healthy components were fractionated in four parts including the culture medium (PSCM), the external layers of the cell (PSEL), the cell wall (PSCW) and storage granules (PSSG). The four fractionated parts of polysaccharides were characterized by gas liquid chromatography (GLC) equipped with FID and fused silica capillary column (15 m×0.53 mm i. d.). The contents of PSCM, PSEL, PSCW and PSSG were about 2.0%, 2.6%, 10.0% and 52.0% to cell dry matter, respectively. Glucose was almost the only monosaccharide in PSSG and PSCW and most predominant in PSEL, while in PSCM, xylose, rhamnose and glucose were the main ones. Two uronic acids represented by glucuronic acid and galacturoic acid, six neutral monosaccharides including fucose, rhamnose, xylose, mannose, galactose and glucose, and two possible unidentified sugars were found in PSEL and PSCM. These data are valuable for the selective productions of high added value sugars from Spirulina .展开更多
With the aging of the population intensified,neurodegenerative diseases have become a major problem that plagues modern people. In the organism,the pathological process common to these diseases is the damage and death...With the aging of the population intensified,neurodegenerative diseases have become a major problem that plagues modern people. In the organism,the pathological process common to these diseases is the damage and death of neurons in the central nervous system. Therefore,neurons the protection is the key issuesof neurological disease prevention and treatment. Polysaccharide is one of the important active substances in life activities,and has many biological activities. Polysaccharides are one of the most important active substances in life activities. They have many biological activities,such as energy storage,structural support,defense and antigen characterization. In addition,it is characterized by small toxicity,high safety and versatility. Polysaccharides also have other biological activities,such as anti-tumor,hypoglycemic,immune regulation,anti-inflammatory,anti-oxidation,neuroprotection and so on. As the active polysaccharide safe,non-toxic,in medicine,agriculture,food and other industries have a broad development and application value and prospects,having become a hot topic in many disciplines at home and abroad. More and more research evidence shows that polysaccharides in the neuroprotective aspects of the study more and more comprehensive and in-depth.In this paper,we reviewed the role of polysaccharides in neuroprotective mechanisms,including antioxidant,anti-inflammatory,promoting proliferation of neural cells,promoting neuronal differentiation,and inhibiting apoptosis of neurons.展开更多
In recent years,studies have shown that there is a correlation between sleep disorders and cancer,but at the present stage,the research on sleep disorders and tumor related animal models is relatively insufficient.Our...In recent years,studies have shown that there is a correlation between sleep disorders and cancer,but at the present stage,the research on sleep disorders and tumor related animal models is relatively insufficient.Our research will focus on mice bearing B16F10-luc-G5 melanoma tumor with sleep fragmentation,detecting promoting effect of sleep fragmentation(SF)on the metastasis of melanoma.At the same time,we used Ganoderma lucidum poly⁃saccharides peptide(GL-pp,80 mg·kg-1),a component of traditional Chinese medicine Ganoderma lucidum,which has long enjoyed a good reputation at home and abroad,to observe its anti-tumor metastasis effects on B16F10-luc-G5 mice with SF.Then we used whole proteomics to analyze the difference proteins expressed in lung tissue and compared between groups,includes mice bearing B16F10-luc-G5,mice bearing B16F10-luc-G5 with SF and GL-pp administered mice bearing B16F10-luc-G5 with SF.With the analysis using bioinformatics,we found several key proteins,their genes name are Adcy9,ptk2,Yap1 and Lpin2,Per1 and Tim.And several important clusters,they are,immune system,platelet aggres⁃sion,energy metabolism,cell cytoskeleton,cell adhesion and circadian rhythms.Moreover,we detected the TLR4 signal pathway and macrophage differentiation to reconfirm the results of proteomics and trying to elucidate the mechanism of SF on tumor growth and metastasis and the effects of GL-pp.展开更多
OBJECTIVE To study the effect of polygonatum polysaccharide on zebrafish with Alzheimer disease.METHODS Zebrafish were trained in T maze for 7 d.The 40 zebrafish successfully trained were divided into 4 groups:blank g...OBJECTIVE To study the effect of polygonatum polysaccharide on zebrafish with Alzheimer disease.METHODS Zebrafish were trained in T maze for 7 d.The 40 zebrafish successfully trained were divided into 4 groups:blank group,model group,positive group and polygonatum polysaccharide group.Model group,positive group and polygonatum polysaccharide group were put in AlCl3100μg·L^(-1) for 6 d.The positive group was exposed to Huperzine A solution 4μg·L^(-1),and the polygonatum polysaccharide group was exposed to polygonatum polysaccharide solution 6 g·L^(-1) for 6 d.The model group was not treated,and the blank group was not treated.Each stage of zebrafish was recorded by video,and the time of each group in the EC region was analyzed.After administration,the brain tissue was taken out and the expression of N-cadherin,P38 and p-P38 protein factors was determined by Western blotting.RESULTS In behavior,the analysis of the time spent in the EC area,the blank group,the positive group and the polygonatum polysaccharide group were compared with the model group,respectively,there were statistically significant differences(P<0.05).At the protein level,compared with the model group,the P38 and p-P38 proteins in the positive group and the polygonatum polysaccharide group were down-regulated,while the N-cadherin protein was up-regulated,with statistical difference(P<0.05).CONCLUSION Polygonatum polysaccharide can improve the learning and memory ability of zebrafish with Alzheimer disease by up regulating the protein level of N-cadherin and hindering P38 phosphorylation.展开更多
Schisandra Chinensis Fructus(SCF)is the fruit of Schisandra chinensis(Turcz.)Baill.,a perennial vine.It was first recorded in Shen Nong′s herbal classic and has a long application history.Studies have shown that SCF ...Schisandra Chinensis Fructus(SCF)is the fruit of Schisandra chinensis(Turcz.)Baill.,a perennial vine.It was first recorded in Shen Nong′s herbal classic and has a long application history.Studies have shown that SCF has anti-inflammatory,protective liver,antioxidant,antibacterial and other pharmacological effects.Ancient prescriptions are commonly used in the treatment of chronic diarrhea and other intestinal diseases and diabetes.Modern clinical pharmacology features of SCF polysaccharide(SCFP)in diabetes,liver diseases,enteritis and other aspects have achieved excellent results.Gut is an important digestive organ of human body,but intestinal diseases are varied,including Crohn′s disease,ulcerative colitis,intestinal flora imbalance,etc..It is a chronic and non-specific inflammatory disease.The disease is persisted for a long time and the incidence rate is expected to rise.Most of the symptoms are recurrent diarrhea,bloody stool and abdominal pain.It is considered by the World Health Organization as a refractory disease.At present,there is little possibility of complete cure,which is closely related to complex environmental factors,eating habits and heredity.In recent years,clinical studies have found that SCFP has a variety of pharmacological effects on intestinal protection.①Reduce inflammatory factors:intestinal mucositis is a common adverse reaction in patients with chemotherapy.The development of mucositis is related to pro-inflammatory factors such as tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α),interleukin-6(IL-6),IL^(-1)β,Interferon-γ(IFN-γ).SCFP can significantly reduce IL-6 TNF-α,IL^(-1)β,and IL-8,as well as the accumulation of T cells in the process of resisting apoptosis,reduce the inflammatory reaction and protect the damage to villi and crypts,improve the symptoms of small intestinal mucositis caused by weight loss and diarrhea.②Promote immunoglobulin A secretion:intestinal mucosal immunity is the first line of defense of the body′s immune system.Its main antibody is secretory immunoglobulin A,which can destroy and phagocytize microorganisms,bacteria and viruses.SCFP can improve intestinal immunity by increasing the number and activity of T lymphocytes,promoting the secretion of secretory immunoglobulin A,and affecting the activity of a variety of cytokines.③Regulation of intestinal flora:the flora in the intestine has the functions of auxiliary nutrient absorption,biological antagonism and immune regulation,and can form a natural barrier for the host's intestine.When the human intestinal flora is disordered,probiotics will be greatly reduced,harmful bacteria will proliferate and destroy the intestinal environment.Under these conditions,the intake of SCFP significantly increased the number of beneficial bacteria such as bifidobacteria and lactobacillus,and significantly decreased the number of conditional pathogens such as enterococcus and escherichia coli,indicating that SCFP can indeed regulate the intestinal disorder caused by lincomycin hydrochloride to a certain extent. This may be because beneficial bacteria in the intestine metabolize polysaccharides produce short chain fatty acids such as lactic acid and acetic acid, which reduces the pH value in the intestine and inhibits the growth of enterococcus and Escherichia coli. In conclusion, SCFP can treat and protect intestinal diseases to a certain extent, which provides a favorable basis for the treatment of intestinal diseases.展开更多
OBJECTIVE To investigate the isolation,extraction,purification,and immunomodulatory activities in vitro and in vivo of polysaccharides from four different species of Dendrobiumherbs widely used in Singapore.METHODS To...OBJECTIVE To investigate the isolation,extraction,purification,and immunomodulatory activities in vitro and in vivo of polysaccharides from four different species of Dendrobiumherbs widely used in Singapore.METHODS To apply the classic method of water extraction and ethanol precipitation and the gel column chromatography technique,the polysaccharides from four species of Dendrobium herbs(D.moniliforme,D.crystallinum,D.primulinum,D.chrysanthum)were obtained.The polysaccharides were tested first on RAW 264.7 cell line with MTT method to test the effect of polysaccharides on macrophages.The two polysaccharides from D.moniliforme were found to promote proliferation of the cells,and were then tested on mice splenocyte primary cell culture.The same polysaccharides were also injected to female BALB/c mice at various doses for 21 dto see whether they would have affected the organs,especially the livers,spleens and thymuses.RESULTS Out of the 4 Dendrobiumspecies tested,it was found that polysaccharides from D.moniliformeto be most supportive of the proliferation of macrophages in a dose-dependent manner,with increasing effect with the increasing doses used.Polysaccharides from D.chrysanthumand D.crystallinum were also found to act similarly albeit to a lesser extent.The two D.moniliforme polysaccharides were also found to greatly enhance the proliferation of mouse splenocytes in vitro and growth of the spleen in vivo.CONCLUSION The immunomodulatory activities in vitro and in vivo of polysaccharides from four species of Dendrobium herbs were different.Their diverse chemical characters might contribute to their varied bioactivity,which should be further investigated.In addition,it was suggested that the polysaccharides from D.moniliforme could be potential immunostimulants used in the healthcare and food industry.展开更多
OBJECTIVE To investigate the protective effect of Codonopsis Pilosula Polysaccharide(CPPS)on improving of the memory consolidation disorder induced by Cycloheximide and its possible mechanisms in mice.METHODS The mice...OBJECTIVE To investigate the protective effect of Codonopsis Pilosula Polysaccharide(CPPS)on improving of the memory consolidation disorder induced by Cycloheximide and its possible mechanisms in mice.METHODS The mice was divided into five groups,as normal control group,cycloheximid model group,piracetam positive control group,CPPS 300 mg·kg^(-1) group,and CPPS150 mg·kg^(-1) group.The mice respectively were given saline,piracetam,and CPPS for 15 d.The memory consolidation disorder model in mice was established by ip.Cyclohexylamine,and orally administered CPPS(300 mg·kg^(-1) or 150 mg·kg^(-1))every day.Then experimental groups were subjected Morris Water Maze test.Western blotting analysis were used to analysis the expression of Ca MKⅡ/CREB signaling pathways.RESULTS Morris water maze experiment showed that cyclohexylamine can cause memory consolidation disorder(P<0.01),and giving piracetam and CPPS(300 mg·kg-1)can improve spatial memory impairment in mice(P<0.05,P<0.01).Western blotting experiment results show that compared with normal control group,Ca MKⅡand CREB contents of brain in model group mice had significant decreased(P<0.001);Compared with model group,Ca MKⅡand CREB contents of brain tissue in piracetam and CPPS groups increased significantly(P<0.05,P<0.01,P<0.001).CONCLUSION Cycloheximide can induce the memory consolidation disorder,and its effect in mice related to Ca MK/CREB signaling pathways.CPPS can improved this memory disorder by influence Ca MKⅡ/CREB signaling pathways.展开更多
基金The project supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(81330074,81261160507,81170632,81370783,41376166)the 111Project,and International Science&Technology Cooperation Program of China 2012DFA11070
文摘OBJECTIVE Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharide peptides(GLPP)have an anti-oxidant activity.The oxidative stress implicates in the pathogenesis of renal ischemia-reperfusion injury(RIRI).The objective of this study was to determine whether GLPP could attenuate RIRI via counteracting the oxidative stress.METHODS Mice subjected to uninephrectomy with the right kidney ischemia for 35 min and reperfusion for 24 hwere used to explore the protective activity of GLPP against RIRI.In GLPP-treated group,100mg·kg-1·d-1 of GLPP were intraperitoneally injected for 7dbefore the procedure.In vitro,NRK-52 Ecells subjected to hypoxia-reoxygenation(H/R)and tunicamycin were used to explore the protective effect of GLPP against oxidative stress.The mechanisms in which GLPP protected kidney from RIRI were studied using a series of physiological and molecular biological methods.RESULTS Kidneys undergone ischemia-reperfusion showed renal dysfunction and characteristic morphological changes including cellular necrosis,brush border loss,cast formation,vacuolization and tubular dilatation while these damages were significantly attenuated by GLPP treatment.The abnormal levels of MPO,MDA and SOD caused by renal ischemia-reperfusion were significantly reversed by GLPP treatment.More apoptotic cells were found in the renal ischemia-reperfusion group than the sham group whereas GLPP reduced apoptotic cells in the ischemia-reperfusion mice by21.75%(P<0.01).The GLPPs(25-1μg·mL)alleviated H/R induced cell viability loss by 20.12%(P<0.01)andΔφm dissipation by 27.3%(P<0.01)in vitro as well and its pretreatment dramatically reduced H/R and tunicamycin induced cell injury.CONCLUSION Our study found that GLPP had a protective effect on RIRI via its anti-oxidative capacity,which suggests that GLPP may be developed as a candidate drug for preventing acute kidney injury.
文摘Platycodon grandiflorum A.DC.(PAl)C)root was taken as experiment material to extract polysaccharide.On the base of single factor tests(extraction time,extraction temperature,liquid-solid ratio,solvent pH value and NaCl concentration),the study concluded the main factors affecting the extraction of PADC polysaccharide,which are liquid-solid ratio,extraction time and extraction temperature.Then through central-composite test design,the extraction conditions were concluded as liquid-solid ratio 34.43,extraction time 89.83 min and extraction temperature 52.47℃.By means of validation experiments,the adequacy of this model was confirmed.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(81873059,82004016)。
文摘OBJECTIVE Although the underlying mechanism is largely unknown,gut dysbiosis has emerged as a central initiator of obesity-related diseases including nonalcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD),type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome.The emerging evidence support the use of prebiotics like herb-derived polysaccharides for treating NAFLD by modulating gut microbiome.So,our study focused on the microbiota-dependent anti-NAFLD effect and the exact mechanisms of Astragalus polysaccharides(APS)extracted from Astragalus mongholicus Bunge in high-fat diet(HFD)fed mice.METHODS Co-housing experiment was used to assess the microbiota dependent anti-NAFLD effect of APS.Then,targeted metabolomics and metagenomics were adopted for determining short-chain fatty acids(SCFAs)and bacteria that were specifically enriched by APS.Further in vitro experiment was carried out to test the capacity of SCFAs-producing of identified bacterium.Finally,the anti-NAFLD efficacy of identified bacterium was tested in HFD fed mice.RESULTS Our results first demonstrated the anti-NAFLD effect of APS in HFD fed mice and the contribution of gut microbiota.Moreover,our results indicated that SCFAs,predominantly acetic acid were elevated in APS-supplemented mice and ex vivo experiment.Metagenomics revealed that D.vulgaris from Desulfovibrio genus was not only enriched by APS,but also a potent generator of acetic acid,which showed significant anti-NAFLD effects in HFD fed mice.In addition,D.vulgaris modulated the hepatic gene expression pattern of lipids metabolism,particularly suppressed hepatic fatty acid synthase(FASN)and CD36 protein expression.CONCLUSION APS enriched D.vulgaris is effective on attenuating hepatic steatosis possibly through producing acetic acid,and modulation on hepatic lipids metabolism in mice.Further studies are warranted to explore the long-term impacts of D.vulgaris on host metabolism and the underlying mechanism.
文摘The microwave-assisted method was used to extract polysaccharides from solanum nigrum. The optimum experimental parameters, mechanism of the extraction and the effect of microwave-assisted extraction process on the structures of polysaccharides were investigated. The extract was analyzed by the modified phenol-sulfuric acid method at 490nm. The optimum experimental parameters were obtained by orthogonal experiments as follows: extraction time 15min, microwave radiation power 455W and the process ratio of materials mass to solvent volume 1∶20. The results show that compared with the conventional reflux extraction, the microwave-assisted extraction has a higher yield in shorter time, with no effect on the finally obtained polysaccharides as seen from the FT-IR spectra. The scanning electron microscopy images reveal that the mechanism of the extraction is related to the structural changes of the plant cells in different extracting conditions.
基金Supported by National Natural Science Foundation (31071579)Key Program of Heilongjiang Province Science Foundation (ZP201013)
文摘Process parameters of microwave assisted extraction （MAE） of the polysaccharides from pumpkin viz. extraction temperature, time and liquid-solid ratio were studied by using single factor and response surface methodology method. The results showed that the liquid-solid ratio was the most important factor in polysaccharides yield, followed the extraction temperature was the least important factor. The optimum microwave assisted extraction co by ndi extraction time, and tions for the highest polysaccharides yield from pumpkin （16.76%-4-0.38%） were obtained by using the response surface methodology with extraction time of 29 min, an extraction temperature of 79 ℃ and a liquid-solid ratio of 22 mL·g^-1. Validation experiment result well agreed with predicted value.
基金Supported by the Education Department of Heilongjiang Province(10541025)
文摘The different extraction technology and purification technology ofHippohpae rhamoides polysaccharides were researched in the paper. The best method of papain extraction were obtained, the ratio of papain 2%, pH at 5.5, temperature at 45℃ and extraction time of 20 min were suitable for papain extraction. The highest content of Hippohpae rhamoides polysaccharides was 44.28 mg·g^-1. The optimum process of ultrasonic extraction were obtained, namely extracted for 55 min at 480 W with the material ratio of 1：20. The highest content of Hippohpae rhamoides polysaccharides was 48.63 mg·g^-1. The results showed that the ultrasonic and papain extraction together was the best method, the content was 54.30 mg·g^-1. After the removing protein, pigment and dialysis. Two fraction were separated from the purified Hippohpae rhamoides by DEAE-cellulose chromatography, the main fraction was collected finally. The fraction was identified by Sepharose CL-4B gel filtration. Ultraviolet spectrometry, freeze-thawing analysis showed that fraction was purified. Its molecular weight was probably 109.4 ku.
文摘Polygonati Rhizoma is the dry rhizome of Liliaceae plants Polygonatum kingianum coil ethemsl,Polygonatum sibiricum Redoute and Polygonatum cyrtonem Hua.It tastes sweet and has a flat nature.It belongs to the spleen,lung and kidney channels.Polygonati Rhizoma contains a variety of chemical components,including polysaccharides,alkaloids,steroidal saponins,lignans,phytosterols,and so on.Polygonati Rhizoma polysaccharide(PSP)is one of the main bioactive components of Polygonati Rhizoma.It is widely used.It has the effects of enhancing immunity,anti-inflammatory,anti-virus and regulating blood lipid.In recent years,the immunomodulatory function of PSP has been paid more and more attention by researchers.PSP can play an immunomodulatory role through a variety of mechanisms.(1)Effects of PSP on innate immunity.①Macrophages have a strong ability to phagocytize and clear foreign bodies.When polysaccharides bind to macrophage specific membrane receptors,the immune response will be officially activated.RAW264.7 cells can be activated by PSP MR and TLR4 mediated signal pathway to improve the pinocytosis and phagocytosis of RAW264.7 cells.②Natural killer cell(NK cell)is a very important immune cell in the body.It is a non-specific immune killer cell naturally existing in the body.It has the dual functions of immune regulation and cytotoxicity.It was found that the signal pathway mediated by PSP CR3 and TRL2 may play a major role in the stimulation of NK cells.(2)Effects of PSP on adaptive immune response.①Lymphocytes can be divided into two forms:T cells and B cells due to different differentiation and maturation sites.T lymphocytes are the general name of thymus dependent lymphocytes.B lymphocytes differentiate and mature from animal bone marrow cells and exert their humoral immune function by secreting different antibodies.It was found that PSP could activate T/B lymphocytes and increase the ratio of CD4+/CD8+in lymph cells to promote the regulation of immune system.②Thymus and spleen index refers to the level of body immunity through the development of immune organs and the functional status of immune cells.The higher the index of thymus and spleen,the higher the immune activity.A large number of studies have found that PSP can improve immune activity by promoting the proliferation of spleen lymphocytes and regulating organ index,so as to increase the weight and index of thymus and spleen induced by CY.③Antibody is a glycoprotein secreted by B cells after antigen stimulation and a series of proliferation and differentiation into plasma cells.Antibody production level is one of the main indicators of nonspecific immune function.PSP can not only improve the serum antibody level of mice by regulating the phagocytosis of mouse macrophages and the level of serum hemolysin,but also enhance the concentration of IL-2 secreted by spleen lymphocytes in vitro to increase the level of antibody response,and then improve the humoral immune function of the body.(3)Effect of PSP on cytokines.①A large number of experiments have proved that PSP has a significant effect on promoting the production of interleukin(IL).PSP can combine with specific receptors on the surface of immune cells to activate various intracellular signal transduction pathways,enhance the secretion of cytokines such as IL-2,IL-4,IL-6 and IL^(-1)0 by spleen lymphocytes in vitro,make them directly kill target cells and regulate the immune function of the body at the molecular level.②Interferon(IFN)is a special protein or glycoprotein produced by human or animal cells in response to various stimuli.It plays an important role in anti-virus,immune regulation and cell proliferation control.It was found that PSP could increase IFN-γsecreted by T cells and NK cells,activate macrophages to regulate immune function.③Tumor necrosis factor(TNF)is mainly produced by activated macrophages,NK cells and activated T cells.It is a cytokine with important biological activity in antitumor immune response.④Tumor necrosis factor(TNF)is mainly produced by activated macrophages,NK cells and activated T cells.It is a cytokine with important biological activity in antitumor immune response.PSP can promote the proliferation and phagocytic activity of macrophage RAW264.7 to reduce its apoptosis rate.By increasing the secretion of TNF-α,PSP can promote the dissociation between NF-κВprotein and IκВp65 protein after phosphorylation,so as to start the expression and transcription of related immune genes.In conclusion,PSP can improve immunity and has a good application prospect in the development of immunomodulatory drugs.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(8133007481620108029+1 种基金81261160507)Beijing Natural Science Foundation(7172113)
文摘OBJECTIVE Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharide peptide(GLPP)is a group of extract from Ganoderma lucidum with a molecular mass of approximately 5×10^5,which ratio of polysaccharide to peptide is approximately 95%/5%.The purpose of this study was to determine whether GLPP has therapeutic effect on Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD).METHODS Ob/ob mouse model and ApoC3 transgenic mouse model were used for exploring the effect of GLPP on NAFLD.Key metabolic pathways and enzymes were identified by metabolomics combining with KEGG and PIUmet analyses and key enzymes were detected by Western blotting.Hepatosteatosis models of HepG2 cells and primary hepatocytes were used to further confirm the therapeutic effect of GLPP on NAFLD.RESULTS GLPP administrated for a month alleviated hepatosteatosis,dyslipidemia,liver dysfunction and liver insulin resistance.Pathways of glycerophos⁃pholipid metabolism,fatty acid metabolism and primary bile acid biosynthesis were involved in the therapeutic effect of GLPP on NAFLD.Detection of key enzymes revealed that GLPP reversed low expression of CYP7A1,CYP8B1,FXR,SHP and high expression of FGFR4 in ob/ob mice and ApoC3 mice.Besides,GLPP inhibited fatty acid synthesis by reducing the expression of SREBP1c,FAS and ACC via a FXR-SHP dependent mechanism.Additionally,GLPP reduced the accumulation of lipid droplets and the content of TG in HepG2 cells and primary hepatocytes induced by oleic acid and palmitic acid.CONCLUSION GLPP significantly improves NAFLD via regulating bile acid synthesis dependent on FXR-SHP/FGF pathway,which finally inhibits fatty acid synthesis,indicating that GLPP might be developed as a ther⁃apeutic drug for NAFLD.
文摘Diabetic nephropathy(DN)is one of the most common complications of diabetes.It is an important cause of diabetes disability and death.DN is a systemic metabolic syndrome.In its pathogenesis,the interaction of various cell activities and a large number of cytokine biological activities,the activation of signal pathways and so on are involved in the development of DN.At present,the clinical treatment of DN is mainly Western medicine,but it has limitations such as strong toxicity,high side effects and poor compliance.Therefore,the discovery of natural anti-DN substances has also become an important means to treat DN.Mulberry leaves are the dry leaves of Morus alba L.It is not only a traditional Chinese medicine,but also a dual-purpose medicinal material for medicine and food.It has the effects of dispelling wind and clearing heat,cooling blood and brightening eyes,tonifying and so on.Mulberry leaf polysaccharide(MLP)is a kind of high molecular compound in mulberry leaves.It has many pharmacological effects,such as hypoglycemic,antioxidant,anti-stress,anti-virus and so on.Therefore,the pharmacological effects of mulberry leaf polysaccharides on diabetic nephropathy are reviewed in this paper,so as to provide references for further research and application.The pathogenesis of DN is complex,and the mechanism of renal injury has not been completely clarified.The current studies believe that DN is closely related to heredity,abnormal glucose metabolism,abnormal lipid metabolism,microcirculation disorder,cytokine action,oxidative stress and so on.Relevant studies show that the pharmacological effects of mulberry leaf polysaccharide in the prevention and treatment of DN mainly include:①Effect on transforming factor-β1(TGF-β1):TGF-β1 has become an important cytokine involved in the formation of renal fibrosis by regulating cell proliferation and differentiation and the production of extracellular matrix(ECM).MLP can significantly inhibit TGF-β1 protein,and then inhibit the synthesis of extracellular matrix by renal interstitial fibroblasts and inhibit the realization of fibrosis.②Effect on insulin receptor substrate(IRS-1):IRS-1 is an important signal molecule at the beginning of IR signal transduction.The decrease of IRS-1 gene expression or the decrease of expression can affect the effective transmission of IR signal and lead to the development and deterioration of diabetes. MPL can significantly increase the expression of IRS-1 mRNA in liver tissue of DN rats, so as to prevent and treat DN. ③ Effect on the expression of resistin protein in adipose tis sue. Resistin is a secretory polypeptide derived from adipose tissue and is specifically expressed in white adipose tissue and is closely related to type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Experimental studies show that MLP can effectively reduce the expression of resistin protein in white adipose tissue of T2DM rats, indicating that MLP may reduce the level of IR by inhibiting the expression of resistin in adipose tissue, thereby reducing the insulin resistance state of T2DM rats, so as to achieve the goal of treating diabetes. ④ Effect on adiponectin receptor 1 (AdipoR1): adiponectin can improve insulin resistance, reduce blood glucose and lipid. AdipoR1 is mainly expressed in skeletal muscle and kidney. Studies have shown that AdipoR1 is closely related to the occurrence and development of DN. The results showed that MLP could reduce the blood glucose and blood lipid level and up regulate the expression of AdipoR1 mRNA in DN rats, suggesting that MLP may delay the occurrence and development of DN. This article reviewed the pharmacological effects of mulberry leaf polysaccharides on diabetic nephropathy, and provided a useful basis for further development and utilization of mul berry leaf polysaccharides in the treatment of DN.
文摘By a sequentially selective extraction procedure, polysaccharides (PS) from cyanobacterium Spirulina (Arthrospira) maxima that can be bio functionally healthy components were fractionated in four parts including the culture medium (PSCM), the external layers of the cell (PSEL), the cell wall (PSCW) and storage granules (PSSG). The four fractionated parts of polysaccharides were characterized by gas liquid chromatography (GLC) equipped with FID and fused silica capillary column (15 m×0.53 mm i. d.). The contents of PSCM, PSEL, PSCW and PSSG were about 2.0%, 2.6%, 10.0% and 52.0% to cell dry matter, respectively. Glucose was almost the only monosaccharide in PSSG and PSCW and most predominant in PSEL, while in PSCM, xylose, rhamnose and glucose were the main ones. Two uronic acids represented by glucuronic acid and galacturoic acid, six neutral monosaccharides including fucose, rhamnose, xylose, mannose, galactose and glucose, and two possible unidentified sugars were found in PSEL and PSCM. These data are valuable for the selective productions of high added value sugars from Spirulina .
文摘With the aging of the population intensified,neurodegenerative diseases have become a major problem that plagues modern people. In the organism,the pathological process common to these diseases is the damage and death of neurons in the central nervous system. Therefore,neurons the protection is the key issuesof neurological disease prevention and treatment. Polysaccharide is one of the important active substances in life activities,and has many biological activities. Polysaccharides are one of the most important active substances in life activities. They have many biological activities,such as energy storage,structural support,defense and antigen characterization. In addition,it is characterized by small toxicity,high safety and versatility. Polysaccharides also have other biological activities,such as anti-tumor,hypoglycemic,immune regulation,anti-inflammatory,anti-oxidation,neuroprotection and so on. As the active polysaccharide safe,non-toxic,in medicine,agriculture,food and other industries have a broad development and application value and prospects,having become a hot topic in many disciplines at home and abroad. More and more research evidence shows that polysaccharides in the neuroprotective aspects of the study more and more comprehensive and in-depth.In this paper,we reviewed the role of polysaccharides in neuroprotective mechanisms,including antioxidant,anti-inflammatory,promoting proliferation of neural cells,promoting neuronal differentiation,and inhibiting apoptosis of neurons.
文摘In recent years,studies have shown that there is a correlation between sleep disorders and cancer,but at the present stage,the research on sleep disorders and tumor related animal models is relatively insufficient.Our research will focus on mice bearing B16F10-luc-G5 melanoma tumor with sleep fragmentation,detecting promoting effect of sleep fragmentation(SF)on the metastasis of melanoma.At the same time,we used Ganoderma lucidum poly⁃saccharides peptide(GL-pp,80 mg·kg-1),a component of traditional Chinese medicine Ganoderma lucidum,which has long enjoyed a good reputation at home and abroad,to observe its anti-tumor metastasis effects on B16F10-luc-G5 mice with SF.Then we used whole proteomics to analyze the difference proteins expressed in lung tissue and compared between groups,includes mice bearing B16F10-luc-G5,mice bearing B16F10-luc-G5 with SF and GL-pp administered mice bearing B16F10-luc-G5 with SF.With the analysis using bioinformatics,we found several key proteins,their genes name are Adcy9,ptk2,Yap1 and Lpin2,Per1 and Tim.And several important clusters,they are,immune system,platelet aggres⁃sion,energy metabolism,cell cytoskeleton,cell adhesion and circadian rhythms.Moreover,we detected the TLR4 signal pathway and macrophage differentiation to reconfirm the results of proteomics and trying to elucidate the mechanism of SF on tumor growth and metastasis and the effects of GL-pp.
文摘OBJECTIVE To study the effect of polygonatum polysaccharide on zebrafish with Alzheimer disease.METHODS Zebrafish were trained in T maze for 7 d.The 40 zebrafish successfully trained were divided into 4 groups:blank group,model group,positive group and polygonatum polysaccharide group.Model group,positive group and polygonatum polysaccharide group were put in AlCl3100μg·L^(-1) for 6 d.The positive group was exposed to Huperzine A solution 4μg·L^(-1),and the polygonatum polysaccharide group was exposed to polygonatum polysaccharide solution 6 g·L^(-1) for 6 d.The model group was not treated,and the blank group was not treated.Each stage of zebrafish was recorded by video,and the time of each group in the EC region was analyzed.After administration,the brain tissue was taken out and the expression of N-cadherin,P38 and p-P38 protein factors was determined by Western blotting.RESULTS In behavior,the analysis of the time spent in the EC area,the blank group,the positive group and the polygonatum polysaccharide group were compared with the model group,respectively,there were statistically significant differences(P<0.05).At the protein level,compared with the model group,the P38 and p-P38 proteins in the positive group and the polygonatum polysaccharide group were down-regulated,while the N-cadherin protein was up-regulated,with statistical difference(P<0.05).CONCLUSION Polygonatum polysaccharide can improve the learning and memory ability of zebrafish with Alzheimer disease by up regulating the protein level of N-cadherin and hindering P38 phosphorylation.
基金Fourth Chinese Materia Medica Resources Survey(Z135080000022)。
文摘Schisandra Chinensis Fructus(SCF)is the fruit of Schisandra chinensis(Turcz.)Baill.,a perennial vine.It was first recorded in Shen Nong′s herbal classic and has a long application history.Studies have shown that SCF has anti-inflammatory,protective liver,antioxidant,antibacterial and other pharmacological effects.Ancient prescriptions are commonly used in the treatment of chronic diarrhea and other intestinal diseases and diabetes.Modern clinical pharmacology features of SCF polysaccharide(SCFP)in diabetes,liver diseases,enteritis and other aspects have achieved excellent results.Gut is an important digestive organ of human body,but intestinal diseases are varied,including Crohn′s disease,ulcerative colitis,intestinal flora imbalance,etc..It is a chronic and non-specific inflammatory disease.The disease is persisted for a long time and the incidence rate is expected to rise.Most of the symptoms are recurrent diarrhea,bloody stool and abdominal pain.It is considered by the World Health Organization as a refractory disease.At present,there is little possibility of complete cure,which is closely related to complex environmental factors,eating habits and heredity.In recent years,clinical studies have found that SCFP has a variety of pharmacological effects on intestinal protection.①Reduce inflammatory factors:intestinal mucositis is a common adverse reaction in patients with chemotherapy.The development of mucositis is related to pro-inflammatory factors such as tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α),interleukin-6(IL-6),IL^(-1)β,Interferon-γ(IFN-γ).SCFP can significantly reduce IL-6 TNF-α,IL^(-1)β,and IL-8,as well as the accumulation of T cells in the process of resisting apoptosis,reduce the inflammatory reaction and protect the damage to villi and crypts,improve the symptoms of small intestinal mucositis caused by weight loss and diarrhea.②Promote immunoglobulin A secretion:intestinal mucosal immunity is the first line of defense of the body′s immune system.Its main antibody is secretory immunoglobulin A,which can destroy and phagocytize microorganisms,bacteria and viruses.SCFP can improve intestinal immunity by increasing the number and activity of T lymphocytes,promoting the secretion of secretory immunoglobulin A,and affecting the activity of a variety of cytokines.③Regulation of intestinal flora:the flora in the intestine has the functions of auxiliary nutrient absorption,biological antagonism and immune regulation,and can form a natural barrier for the host's intestine.When the human intestinal flora is disordered,probiotics will be greatly reduced,harmful bacteria will proliferate and destroy the intestinal environment.Under these conditions,the intake of SCFP significantly increased the number of beneficial bacteria such as bifidobacteria and lactobacillus,and significantly decreased the number of conditional pathogens such as enterococcus and escherichia coli,indicating that SCFP can indeed regulate the intestinal disorder caused by lincomycin hydrochloride to a certain extent. This may be because beneficial bacteria in the intestine metabolize polysaccharides produce short chain fatty acids such as lactic acid and acetic acid, which reduces the pH value in the intestine and inhibits the growth of enterococcus and Escherichia coli. In conclusion, SCFP can treat and protect intestinal diseases to a certain extent, which provides a favorable basis for the treatment of intestinal diseases.
基金The project supported by The Ministry of Education Translational R&D and Innovation Fund(MOE2012-TIF-1-G-065),Singapore
文摘OBJECTIVE To investigate the isolation,extraction,purification,and immunomodulatory activities in vitro and in vivo of polysaccharides from four different species of Dendrobiumherbs widely used in Singapore.METHODS To apply the classic method of water extraction and ethanol precipitation and the gel column chromatography technique,the polysaccharides from four species of Dendrobium herbs(D.moniliforme,D.crystallinum,D.primulinum,D.chrysanthum)were obtained.The polysaccharides were tested first on RAW 264.7 cell line with MTT method to test the effect of polysaccharides on macrophages.The two polysaccharides from D.moniliforme were found to promote proliferation of the cells,and were then tested on mice splenocyte primary cell culture.The same polysaccharides were also injected to female BALB/c mice at various doses for 21 dto see whether they would have affected the organs,especially the livers,spleens and thymuses.RESULTS Out of the 4 Dendrobiumspecies tested,it was found that polysaccharides from D.moniliformeto be most supportive of the proliferation of macrophages in a dose-dependent manner,with increasing effect with the increasing doses used.Polysaccharides from D.chrysanthumand D.crystallinum were also found to act similarly albeit to a lesser extent.The two D.moniliforme polysaccharides were also found to greatly enhance the proliferation of mouse splenocytes in vitro and growth of the spleen in vivo.CONCLUSION The immunomodulatory activities in vitro and in vivo of polysaccharides from four species of Dendrobium herbs were different.Their diverse chemical characters might contribute to their varied bioactivity,which should be further investigated.In addition,it was suggested that the polysaccharides from D.moniliforme could be potential immunostimulants used in the healthcare and food industry.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation(81202192)Fund of Hebei Provincial Health Bureau(20130037)
文摘OBJECTIVE To investigate the protective effect of Codonopsis Pilosula Polysaccharide(CPPS)on improving of the memory consolidation disorder induced by Cycloheximide and its possible mechanisms in mice.METHODS The mice was divided into five groups,as normal control group,cycloheximid model group,piracetam positive control group,CPPS 300 mg·kg^(-1) group,and CPPS150 mg·kg^(-1) group.The mice respectively were given saline,piracetam,and CPPS for 15 d.The memory consolidation disorder model in mice was established by ip.Cyclohexylamine,and orally administered CPPS(300 mg·kg^(-1) or 150 mg·kg^(-1))every day.Then experimental groups were subjected Morris Water Maze test.Western blotting analysis were used to analysis the expression of Ca MKⅡ/CREB signaling pathways.RESULTS Morris water maze experiment showed that cyclohexylamine can cause memory consolidation disorder(P<0.01),and giving piracetam and CPPS(300 mg·kg-1)can improve spatial memory impairment in mice(P<0.05,P<0.01).Western blotting experiment results show that compared with normal control group,Ca MKⅡand CREB contents of brain in model group mice had significant decreased(P<0.001);Compared with model group,Ca MKⅡand CREB contents of brain tissue in piracetam and CPPS groups increased significantly(P<0.05,P<0.01,P<0.001).CONCLUSION Cycloheximide can induce the memory consolidation disorder,and its effect in mice related to Ca MK/CREB signaling pathways.CPPS can improved this memory disorder by influence Ca MKⅡ/CREB signaling pathways.
