In 2005,India's challenge to the European C ommunity's(EC) Generalized System of Preferences(GSP) scheme resulted in a landmark ruling by the W T O 's Appellate Body.T he Appellate Body had a landmark find...In 2005,India's challenge to the European C ommunity's(EC) Generalized System of Preferences(GSP) scheme resulted in a landmark ruling by the W T O 's Appellate Body.T he Appellate Body had a landmark finding that the Enabling C lause imposes legal obligation on the preference-granting countries,w hich for a long time considered GSP treatment a conditional gift and designed their ow n GSP scheme as they saw fit.How ever,the guidance given by the EC-Preference case is far from clear: the legal uncertainties of the "nexus"requirement,combined with the open questions in the"non-discriminatory"requirement,make the Appellate Body's decision difficult to implement.As a result,the decision put the legitimacy of the conditional preferential treatments in EC and the U.S.GSP in doubt.O n the other hand,the Appellate Body's decision w as subject to certain practical limitations of the case and generated a good number of legal uncertainties in the area of conditional GSP.T he GSP nevertheless serves the developing w orld even better by forgoing the GSP completely.In conclusion,the operation and the future of the GSP currently remains an unsettled area in the W T O system,w hich w ill be further addressed by later GSP practice.展开更多
光伏发电安全、可靠、无污染、资源丰富且无枯竭危险,因此逐渐成为当今世界备受关注的新兴产业。然而,光伏发电项目建设周期长、涉及面广、投入资金数量庞大,项目和项目管理者面临的各种不确定性因素和各种环境因素急剧加大,伴随项目而...光伏发电安全、可靠、无污染、资源丰富且无枯竭危险,因此逐渐成为当今世界备受关注的新兴产业。然而,光伏发电项目建设周期长、涉及面广、投入资金数量庞大,项目和项目管理者面临的各种不确定性因素和各种环境因素急剧加大,伴随项目而来的各种风险日益突出,因此对光伏发电项目进行有效的风险评价具有明确的现实意义。根据光伏发电项目的典型特征,建立起更为全面的光伏发电项目风险评价指标体系,使用灰色关联度和逼近理想解的排序方法(technique for order preference by similarity to ideal solution,TOPSIS),对光伏项目的风险进行评价。结果表明,该方法是一种有效的风险评价方法。它既能对备选方案进行整体评判,又能反映备选方案内部各因素变化趋势与理想方案之间的区别,对于光伏发电项目的投资具有一定的指导作用。展开更多
文摘In 2005,India's challenge to the European C ommunity's(EC) Generalized System of Preferences(GSP) scheme resulted in a landmark ruling by the W T O 's Appellate Body.T he Appellate Body had a landmark finding that the Enabling C lause imposes legal obligation on the preference-granting countries,w hich for a long time considered GSP treatment a conditional gift and designed their ow n GSP scheme as they saw fit.How ever,the guidance given by the EC-Preference case is far from clear: the legal uncertainties of the "nexus"requirement,combined with the open questions in the"non-discriminatory"requirement,make the Appellate Body's decision difficult to implement.As a result,the decision put the legitimacy of the conditional preferential treatments in EC and the U.S.GSP in doubt.O n the other hand,the Appellate Body's decision w as subject to certain practical limitations of the case and generated a good number of legal uncertainties in the area of conditional GSP.T he GSP nevertheless serves the developing w orld even better by forgoing the GSP completely.In conclusion,the operation and the future of the GSP currently remains an unsettled area in the W T O system,w hich w ill be further addressed by later GSP practice.
文摘光伏发电安全、可靠、无污染、资源丰富且无枯竭危险,因此逐渐成为当今世界备受关注的新兴产业。然而,光伏发电项目建设周期长、涉及面广、投入资金数量庞大,项目和项目管理者面临的各种不确定性因素和各种环境因素急剧加大,伴随项目而来的各种风险日益突出,因此对光伏发电项目进行有效的风险评价具有明确的现实意义。根据光伏发电项目的典型特征,建立起更为全面的光伏发电项目风险评价指标体系,使用灰色关联度和逼近理想解的排序方法(technique for order preference by similarity to ideal solution,TOPSIS),对光伏项目的风险进行评价。结果表明,该方法是一种有效的风险评价方法。它既能对备选方案进行整体评判,又能反映备选方案内部各因素变化趋势与理想方案之间的区别,对于光伏发电项目的投资具有一定的指导作用。
