物质使用障碍(substance use disorder,SUD)是一个全球性的卫生和社会问题。针对大多数成瘾性物质,目前还没有有效的治疗药物,普遍还是采用心理治疗和行为矫治。近年来,针刺、深部脑刺激(DBS)、重复经颅磁刺激(rTMS)、经颅直流电刺激(tD...物质使用障碍(substance use disorder,SUD)是一个全球性的卫生和社会问题。针对大多数成瘾性物质,目前还没有有效的治疗药物,普遍还是采用心理治疗和行为矫治。近年来,针刺、深部脑刺激(DBS)、重复经颅磁刺激(rTMS)、经颅直流电刺激(tDCS)和运动等非药物干预手段在治疗神经系统疾病的有效性逐渐得到重视。越来越多的研究也开始关注非药物干预手段在治疗SUD中的应用。本综述在文献检索(如PubMed、Google Scholar等)的基础上总结了针刺、DBS、rTMS、tDCS和运动等非药物干预手段对阿片类药物、精神活性物质、尼古丁、酒精等不同成瘾性物质的心理渴求、戒断时间、使用剂量和成瘾伴随的情绪、认知功能障碍等的影响。研究表明,针刺、DBS、rTMS、tDCS和运动等非药物干预手段可以有效降低成瘾性物质引起的心理渴求、降低物质摄入量、增加戒断时间,同时改善长期使用成瘾性物质引起的认知障碍、焦虑和抑郁样行为等。如果非药物干预手段结合药物、心理等治疗方式,效果更佳。尽管非药物干预方法在现阶段主要作为辅助性治疗手段,未来的研究应注重明确非药物干预手段的神经生物学机制,并完善非药物干预的技术方法。展开更多
深部经颅磁刺激(deep transcranial magnetic stimulation,dTMS)作为常见物理治疗方式的一种,近年来已越来越多地应用于各类精神疾病的治疗研究中。目前大部分研究集中于抑郁障碍、强迫障碍、物质使用障碍等精神疾病,治疗方案初步成熟,...深部经颅磁刺激(deep transcranial magnetic stimulation,dTMS)作为常见物理治疗方式的一种,近年来已越来越多地应用于各类精神疾病的治疗研究中。目前大部分研究集中于抑郁障碍、强迫障碍、物质使用障碍等精神疾病,治疗方案初步成熟,取得了较好的疗效,加速治疗方案在抑郁障碍、强迫障碍中初见成效。也有研究尝试使用dTMS治疗双相抑郁、创伤后应激障碍、注意缺陷多动障碍、广泛性焦虑障碍、进食障碍等疾病,改善了部分症状,但是否具有切实的疗效仍需进一步研究。目前研究也在尝试使用不同线圈,探索不同治疗部位、不同治疗方案对各类疾病的疗效,以寻求更好的治疗效果。展开更多
Producer gas through gasification of biomass can be used as an alternate fuel in rural areas due to high potential of biomass resources in India.Experiments were conducted to study the performance of a diesel engine(f...Producer gas through gasification of biomass can be used as an alternate fuel in rural areas due to high potential of biomass resources in India.Experiments were conducted to study the performance of a diesel engine(four stroke,single cylinder,5.25 kW) with respect to its thermal efficiency,specific fuel consumption and diesel substitution by use of diesel alone and producer gas-cum-diesel(dual fuel mode).Three types of biomass,i.e.wood chips,pigeon pea stalks and corn cobs were used for generation of producer gas.A producer gas system consisting of a downdraft gasifier,a cooling cum cleaning unit,a filtering unit and a gas air mixing device was designed,fabricated and used to power a 5.25 kW diesel engine on dual fuel mode.Performance of the engine was reported by keeping biomass moisture contents as 8%,12%,16%,and 21%,engine speed as 1 600 r/min and with variable engine loads.The average value of thermal efficiency on dual fuel mode was found slightly lower than that of diesel mode.The specific diesel consumption was found to be 60%-64% less in dual fuel mode than that in diesel mode for the same amount of energy output.The average diesel substitution of 74% was observed with wood chips followed by corn cobs(78%) and pigeon pea stalks(82%).Based on the performance studied,the producer gas may be used as a substitute or as supplementary fuel for diesel conservation,particularly for stationary engines in agricultural operations in the farm.展开更多
文摘物质使用障碍(substance use disorder,SUD)是一个全球性的卫生和社会问题。针对大多数成瘾性物质,目前还没有有效的治疗药物,普遍还是采用心理治疗和行为矫治。近年来,针刺、深部脑刺激(DBS)、重复经颅磁刺激(rTMS)、经颅直流电刺激(tDCS)和运动等非药物干预手段在治疗神经系统疾病的有效性逐渐得到重视。越来越多的研究也开始关注非药物干预手段在治疗SUD中的应用。本综述在文献检索(如PubMed、Google Scholar等)的基础上总结了针刺、DBS、rTMS、tDCS和运动等非药物干预手段对阿片类药物、精神活性物质、尼古丁、酒精等不同成瘾性物质的心理渴求、戒断时间、使用剂量和成瘾伴随的情绪、认知功能障碍等的影响。研究表明,针刺、DBS、rTMS、tDCS和运动等非药物干预手段可以有效降低成瘾性物质引起的心理渴求、降低物质摄入量、增加戒断时间,同时改善长期使用成瘾性物质引起的认知障碍、焦虑和抑郁样行为等。如果非药物干预手段结合药物、心理等治疗方式,效果更佳。尽管非药物干预方法在现阶段主要作为辅助性治疗手段,未来的研究应注重明确非药物干预手段的神经生物学机制,并完善非药物干预的技术方法。
文摘深部经颅磁刺激(deep transcranial magnetic stimulation,dTMS)作为常见物理治疗方式的一种,近年来已越来越多地应用于各类精神疾病的治疗研究中。目前大部分研究集中于抑郁障碍、强迫障碍、物质使用障碍等精神疾病,治疗方案初步成熟,取得了较好的疗效,加速治疗方案在抑郁障碍、强迫障碍中初见成效。也有研究尝试使用dTMS治疗双相抑郁、创伤后应激障碍、注意缺陷多动障碍、广泛性焦虑障碍、进食障碍等疾病,改善了部分症状,但是否具有切实的疗效仍需进一步研究。目前研究也在尝试使用不同线圈,探索不同治疗部位、不同治疗方案对各类疾病的疗效,以寻求更好的治疗效果。
文摘Producer gas through gasification of biomass can be used as an alternate fuel in rural areas due to high potential of biomass resources in India.Experiments were conducted to study the performance of a diesel engine(four stroke,single cylinder,5.25 kW) with respect to its thermal efficiency,specific fuel consumption and diesel substitution by use of diesel alone and producer gas-cum-diesel(dual fuel mode).Three types of biomass,i.e.wood chips,pigeon pea stalks and corn cobs were used for generation of producer gas.A producer gas system consisting of a downdraft gasifier,a cooling cum cleaning unit,a filtering unit and a gas air mixing device was designed,fabricated and used to power a 5.25 kW diesel engine on dual fuel mode.Performance of the engine was reported by keeping biomass moisture contents as 8%,12%,16%,and 21%,engine speed as 1 600 r/min and with variable engine loads.The average value of thermal efficiency on dual fuel mode was found slightly lower than that of diesel mode.The specific diesel consumption was found to be 60%-64% less in dual fuel mode than that in diesel mode for the same amount of energy output.The average diesel substitution of 74% was observed with wood chips followed by corn cobs(78%) and pigeon pea stalks(82%).Based on the performance studied,the producer gas may be used as a substitute or as supplementary fuel for diesel conservation,particularly for stationary engines in agricultural operations in the farm.
