Background Water deficit is an important problem in agricultural production in arid regions.With the advent of wholly mechanized technology for cotton planting in Xinjiang,it is important to determine which planting m...Background Water deficit is an important problem in agricultural production in arid regions.With the advent of wholly mechanized technology for cotton planting in Xinjiang,it is important to determine which planting mode could achieve high yield,fiber quality and water use efficiency(WUE).This study aimed to explore if chemical topping affected cotton yield,quality and water use in relation to row configuration and plant densities.Results Experiments were carried out in Xinjiang China,in 2020 and 2021 with two topping method,manual topping and chemical topping,two plant densities,low and high,and two row configurations,i.e.,76 cm equal rows and 10+66 cm narrow-wide rows,which were commonly applied in matching harvest machine.Chemical topping increased seed cotton yield,but did not affect cotton fiber quality comparing to traditional manual topping.Under equal row spacing,the WUE in higher density was 62.4%higher than in the lower one.However,under narrow-wide row spacing,the WUE in lower density was 53.3%higher than in higher one(farmers’practice).For machine-harvest cotton in Xinjiang,the optimal row configuration and plant density for chemical topping was narrow-wide rows with 15 plants m-2 or equal rows with 18 plants m-2.Conclusion The plant density recommended in narrow-wide rows was less than farmers’practice and the density in equal rows was moderate with local practice.Our results provide new knowledge on optimizing agronomic managements of machine-harvested cotton for both high yield and water efficient.展开更多
Six-year old apple trees were selected for field experiment.The objective of this study was to obtain the reasonable arrangement of surge-root irrigation emitters in apple orchards.There were three factors:the buried ...Six-year old apple trees were selected for field experiment.The objective of this study was to obtain the reasonable arrangement of surge-root irrigation emitters in apple orchards.There were three factors:the buried depth H(25,40,55 cm),the horizontal distance L(30,40,60 cm)between the emitters and the trunk of the experimental tree,and the number of the irrigation emitters N(1,2,4).The effect of the arrangement of surge-root irrigation emitters on the growth,yield and irrigation water use efficiency(IWUE)of apple trees were studied in Northern Shaanxi where the irrigation quota takes 60%-75%of the field water capacity.The results showed that the arrangement of emitters for surge-root irrigation had a significant effect on apple tree yield and IWUE,especially,the yield and IWUE reached 28388.17 kg/hm2 and 16.83 kg/m3 in treatment T3,respectively.At the same L and N levels(T1,T2,and T3),the yield and IWUE in treatment T3 were the highest,and the yields in treatments T1 and T2 were decreased by 26.22%and 31.48%,while IWUE is reduced by14.02%and 18.12%compared with T3,respectively.At the same H and N levels(T3,T4,and T5),the yield and IWUE of apple trees were decreased with increasing L level.Especially,when L was 30 cm(T3),the yield and IWUE were the highest.The same L and H levels(T3,T6,and T7)could promote the growth of apple trees when N was 2(T3).Compared with treatment T3,it was found that the increment of new shoots was decreased by 8.07%-18.71%,and the fruit diameter was decreased by 5.41%-9.11%.Therefore,two emitters should be arranged symmetrically on both sides of an apple tree,each was buried at a 40 cm depth and 30 cm away from the trunk of the tree to effectively improve the yield and IWUE of the apple tree in mountainous areas in Northern Shaanxi.展开更多
为提高黄土高原东部河谷平原春玉米水分利用效率,探究最适宜该地区春玉米种植的地表覆盖措施,基于连续7年长期定位试验,于2021—2022年开展田间试验,共选取无覆盖(CK)、地膜覆盖(plastic film mulching,FM)以及秸秆覆盖(straw mulching,...为提高黄土高原东部河谷平原春玉米水分利用效率,探究最适宜该地区春玉米种植的地表覆盖措施,基于连续7年长期定位试验,于2021—2022年开展田间试验,共选取无覆盖(CK)、地膜覆盖(plastic film mulching,FM)以及秸秆覆盖(straw mulching,SM)3个处理,研究不同覆盖措施对土壤水热状况及春玉米产量和水分利用效率的影响,系统分析了2年试验期土壤水分与温度动态变化及春玉米各阶段水分生产力,为该地区春玉米水肥高效提供利于农业可持续发展的科学管理措施。结果表明:与无覆盖处理相比,地膜覆盖具有增温效应,2年内土壤温度提高0.72~2.63℃;秸秆覆盖具有降温效应,2年内土壤温度降低0.20~1.51℃。与无覆盖处理相比,地膜与秸秆覆盖处理均可改善春玉米生长前期土壤含水量,并驱动土壤“湿干交替”现象促进水分吸收,提高水分利用效率,实现增产。虽然地膜覆盖处理改善了前期土壤含水量,促进春玉米前期生长发育,但会导致根系生长过浅,不利于生长后期水分利用,甚至植株存在倒伏风险(2021年倒伏率高达72.14%),影响产量形成。与地膜覆盖处理相比,秸秆覆盖处理驱动土壤“湿干交替”时表现出更强水分缓冲力,协调春玉米各阶段生长发育,生长后期水分利用效率显著提高25.17%~34.71%,并降低倒伏风险。2年平均数据显示,与地膜覆盖处理相比,秸秆覆盖处理产量与水分利用效率显著提高8.55%和10.23%,经济效益显著提高12.57%。综上所述,秸秆覆盖可作为该地区春玉米水肥高效可持续利用的科学管理措施。展开更多
基金Key Research and Development Program of Xinjiang(2022B02001-1)National Natural Science Foundation of China(42105172,41975146).
文摘Background Water deficit is an important problem in agricultural production in arid regions.With the advent of wholly mechanized technology for cotton planting in Xinjiang,it is important to determine which planting mode could achieve high yield,fiber quality and water use efficiency(WUE).This study aimed to explore if chemical topping affected cotton yield,quality and water use in relation to row configuration and plant densities.Results Experiments were carried out in Xinjiang China,in 2020 and 2021 with two topping method,manual topping and chemical topping,two plant densities,low and high,and two row configurations,i.e.,76 cm equal rows and 10+66 cm narrow-wide rows,which were commonly applied in matching harvest machine.Chemical topping increased seed cotton yield,but did not affect cotton fiber quality comparing to traditional manual topping.Under equal row spacing,the WUE in higher density was 62.4%higher than in the lower one.However,under narrow-wide row spacing,the WUE in lower density was 53.3%higher than in higher one(farmers’practice).For machine-harvest cotton in Xinjiang,the optimal row configuration and plant density for chemical topping was narrow-wide rows with 15 plants m-2 or equal rows with 18 plants m-2.Conclusion The plant density recommended in narrow-wide rows was less than farmers’practice and the density in equal rows was moderate with local practice.Our results provide new knowledge on optimizing agronomic managements of machine-harvested cotton for both high yield and water efficient.
基金Supporting founds:National Key R&D Program(2016YFC0400204)Natural Science Foundation of China(51479161,51279157,51779205)。
文摘Six-year old apple trees were selected for field experiment.The objective of this study was to obtain the reasonable arrangement of surge-root irrigation emitters in apple orchards.There were three factors:the buried depth H(25,40,55 cm),the horizontal distance L(30,40,60 cm)between the emitters and the trunk of the experimental tree,and the number of the irrigation emitters N(1,2,4).The effect of the arrangement of surge-root irrigation emitters on the growth,yield and irrigation water use efficiency(IWUE)of apple trees were studied in Northern Shaanxi where the irrigation quota takes 60%-75%of the field water capacity.The results showed that the arrangement of emitters for surge-root irrigation had a significant effect on apple tree yield and IWUE,especially,the yield and IWUE reached 28388.17 kg/hm2 and 16.83 kg/m3 in treatment T3,respectively.At the same L and N levels(T1,T2,and T3),the yield and IWUE in treatment T3 were the highest,and the yields in treatments T1 and T2 were decreased by 26.22%and 31.48%,while IWUE is reduced by14.02%and 18.12%compared with T3,respectively.At the same H and N levels(T3,T4,and T5),the yield and IWUE of apple trees were decreased with increasing L level.Especially,when L was 30 cm(T3),the yield and IWUE were the highest.The same L and H levels(T3,T6,and T7)could promote the growth of apple trees when N was 2(T3).Compared with treatment T3,it was found that the increment of new shoots was decreased by 8.07%-18.71%,and the fruit diameter was decreased by 5.41%-9.11%.Therefore,two emitters should be arranged symmetrically on both sides of an apple tree,each was buried at a 40 cm depth and 30 cm away from the trunk of the tree to effectively improve the yield and IWUE of the apple tree in mountainous areas in Northern Shaanxi.
文摘为提高黄土高原东部河谷平原春玉米水分利用效率,探究最适宜该地区春玉米种植的地表覆盖措施,基于连续7年长期定位试验,于2021—2022年开展田间试验,共选取无覆盖(CK)、地膜覆盖(plastic film mulching,FM)以及秸秆覆盖(straw mulching,SM)3个处理,研究不同覆盖措施对土壤水热状况及春玉米产量和水分利用效率的影响,系统分析了2年试验期土壤水分与温度动态变化及春玉米各阶段水分生产力,为该地区春玉米水肥高效提供利于农业可持续发展的科学管理措施。结果表明:与无覆盖处理相比,地膜覆盖具有增温效应,2年内土壤温度提高0.72~2.63℃;秸秆覆盖具有降温效应,2年内土壤温度降低0.20~1.51℃。与无覆盖处理相比,地膜与秸秆覆盖处理均可改善春玉米生长前期土壤含水量,并驱动土壤“湿干交替”现象促进水分吸收,提高水分利用效率,实现增产。虽然地膜覆盖处理改善了前期土壤含水量,促进春玉米前期生长发育,但会导致根系生长过浅,不利于生长后期水分利用,甚至植株存在倒伏风险(2021年倒伏率高达72.14%),影响产量形成。与地膜覆盖处理相比,秸秆覆盖处理驱动土壤“湿干交替”时表现出更强水分缓冲力,协调春玉米各阶段生长发育,生长后期水分利用效率显著提高25.17%~34.71%,并降低倒伏风险。2年平均数据显示,与地膜覆盖处理相比,秸秆覆盖处理产量与水分利用效率显著提高8.55%和10.23%,经济效益显著提高12.57%。综上所述,秸秆覆盖可作为该地区春玉米水肥高效可持续利用的科学管理措施。
