The original or primitive venation of mayflies was not presented clearly upon living materials before,this mostly results from the deform of mayfly imaginal wingbase.Some nymphs of large mayflies of China,like Siphlur...The original or primitive venation of mayflies was not presented clearly upon living materials before,this mostly results from the deform of mayfly imaginal wingbase.Some nymphs of large mayflies of China,like Siphluriscus chinensis,Ephemera pictipennis and Siphlonurus davidi,however,show some clues.Together,they demonstrate that in mayflies,subcostal brace maybe originated from longitudinal vein Anterior Subcostal(ScA),stems of Radius(R)and Media(M)are always fused at base,Media Posterior(MP)leave them first,then the branch of Rs(Radial Section)+MA(Media Anterior),Cubitus(Cu)disconnected to any other veins.Additionally,all longitudinal veins of mayflies fused with their sclerotized base respectively but without any moveable sclerite.Instead,base of R+M of mayflies sclerotized into a single one big plate,and all sclerites of wingbase are fused together rigidly by sclerotized wingbase,which disables any possible folding of mayfly wings.Phylogenetically,in the order Ephemeroptera,the different positions of ScA and Cu leaded to different and diverse venations and lineages of Ephemeroptera.In the Pterygota,the Ephemeroptera has the same fused pattern of R+M and three axillary sclerites as the Neoptera while the Odonata has the fused Cu+M,which disproves the monophyly of Paleoptera.展开更多
Background To control the boll weevil Anthonomus grandis grandis(Coleoptera:Curculionidae),a key pest of cotton in the Americas,insecticides have been intensively used to manage their populations,increasing selection ...Background To control the boll weevil Anthonomus grandis grandis(Coleoptera:Curculionidae),a key pest of cotton in the Americas,insecticides have been intensively used to manage their populations,increasing selection pressure for resistant populations.Thus,this study aimed to detect insecticide resistance and assess insecticide control failure likelihood of boll weevil populations exposed to malathion,profenophos+cypermethrin,and fipronil insecticides.Results Twelve populations of the boll weevil were collected from commercial cotton fileds of the state of Bahia,northeastern Brazil.These populations were exposed to malathion,profenophos+cypermethrin mixture,and fipronil,at their respective maximum label dose for field applications.Three replicates of 10 adult beetles were exposed to the insecticides and mortality was recorded after 24 h treatment.The control failure likelihood was determined after 48 h.Highest median lethal times(LT_(50))were observed for malathion and the profenophos+cypermethrin mixture.Resistance to at least one insecticide was detected in 11 populations;three populations were resistant to malathion and profenophos+cypermethrin;seven were resistant to all insecticides tested.The resistance levels were low(<10-fold)for the three insecticides.Among 12 populations tested,58%of them exhibited significant risk of control failure for the insecticides malathion and profenophos+cypermethrin.The insecticide fipronil was efficient for the control of the boll weevil in 83%of the populations.Conclusions The results confirm the significant risk of insecticide control failure in the boll weevil populations to the main compounds used in the region.Thus,proper insecticide resistance management plans are necessary for the boll weevil in the region,particularly for malathion and profenophos+cypermethrin insecticides.展开更多
Background:Sucking insect pests cause severe damage to cotton crop production.The development of insect resistant cotton cultivars is one of the most effective measures in curtailing the yield losses.Considering the r...Background:Sucking insect pests cause severe damage to cotton crop production.The development of insect resistant cotton cultivars is one of the most effective measures in curtailing the yield losses.Considering the role of morphological and biochemical host plant resista nee(HPR)traits in plant defense,12 cotton genotypes/varieties were evaluated for leaf area,leaf glanding,total soluble sugars,total soluble proteins,total phenolics,tannin and total flavonoids against fluctuating populations of whitefly,thrips and jassid under field conditions.Results:The population of these insects fluctuated during the growing seas on and remained above threshold level(whitefly>5,thrips>(8-10)f or jassid>1 per leaf)during late June and early July.Strong and negative association of whitefly(r=-0.825)and jassid(r=-0.929)with seed cotton yield was observed.Mean population of insects were the highest in Glandless-1 followed by NIA-82 and NIA-M30.NIAB-Kiran followed by NI AB-878 and Sadori were the most resistant,with the mean population of 1.41,1.60,1.66(whitefly);2.24,232,2.53(thrips)and 037,0.31,036(jassid),respectively.The resistant variety NIAB-Kiran showed less soluble sugars(8.54 mg.g^(-1)),soluble proteins(27.11 mg.g^(-1))and more phenolic(36.56 mg.g^(-1))and flavonoids(13.10mg.g^(-1))as compared with the susceptible check Glandless-1.Moreover,all insect populations were positively correlated with total soluble sugars and proteins.Whitefly populations exhibited negative response to leaf gossypol glands,total phenolics,tannins and flavonoids.The thrips and jassid populations had a significant and negative correlation with these four biochemical HPR traits.Conclusion:The ide ntified resistant resources and HPR traits can be deployed against sucking in sect pests'complex in future breeding programs of developing insect resistant cotton varieties.展开更多
A culture system was developed and successfully employed for the serum-free cultivation of Tn-5B1-4 (Tn5 ) insect cells. With our adaptation procedure, it was possible to obtain cells fully adapted to serum-free media...A culture system was developed and successfully employed for the serum-free cultivation of Tn-5B1-4 (Tn5 ) insect cells. With our adaptation procedure, it was possible to obtain cells fully adapted to serum-free media in stationary T-flasks and then enable these adapted cells to grow well in spinner flasks immediately. The spinner "ask with special stirring design proved tO provide favorable culture environment that made it desirable for use in the serum-free cultivation of Tn5 cells even at low seeding density.展开更多
An investigation of effect of Latana camara, Tephrosia vogelii and Zingiber officinale applied at 5%, 10% and 25% concentrations on flea beetle of cabbage was conducted on the Teaching and Research Farm of the Ladoke ...An investigation of effect of Latana camara, Tephrosia vogelii and Zingiber officinale applied at 5%, 10% and 25% concentrations on flea beetle of cabbage was conducted on the Teaching and Research Farm of the Ladoke Akintola University of Technology Ogbomoso in the early seasons of 2011 and 2012. The experiment consisted of 11 treatments laid in a Randomized Complete Block Design （RCBD） with three replications. Data were subjected to analysis of variance and significant means were compared using the Least Significant Difference （LSD） at p〈0.05. All the tested plant extracts exhibited moderate efficacy in the control of flea beetle. The treatment plant extracts performed as well as synthetic insecticides （0.76±0.05 and 0.76±0.05, respectively）. It was discovered that 25% w/v of Z. officinale gave the best yield of 0.50 kg · hm-2. The result showed that extract of T. vogelii （0.71±0.00） and L. camara （0.96±0.23） could suppress flea beetle population at different hours of spraying, while Z. officinale showed an effect at 48 HAS （0.71±0.00） and 72 HAS （0.76±0.05） alter spraying.展开更多
To clarify the role of waterfront vegetation of floodplains for adult aquatic insects, Trichoptera and Diptera (Tipulidae and Chironomidae), in the middle reaches of the Chikuma River from May to July, an investigatio...To clarify the role of waterfront vegetation of floodplains for adult aquatic insects, Trichoptera and Diptera (Tipulidae and Chironomidae), in the middle reaches of the Chikuma River from May to July, an investigation of the number of these insects was conducted by trapping in each type of vegetation using board traps.A total of 2608.5 adults/m 2 were collected, and we identified a total of 26 species belonging to three taxa,i.e., seven species of Trichoptera, four species of Tipulidae and 15 species of Chironomidae. The most abundant species was Psychomyia acutipennis in Trichoptera (95.7%). There was a significant difference between the number of P.acutipennis in the all vegetation area (especially, Salix subfragilis) and the control area (no vegetation) during the investigation periods (P<0.05, Mann-Whitney U-test). Other taxa did not show a significant difference between the all vegetation area and the control. Moreover, the numbers of adult P. acutipennis showed a significant difference in height on each vegetation. In the case of Vicia villosa varia and V. villosa varia plus dead Phragmites australis, the highest number was caught in the traps set in the boundary between one plant and the plant above (P<0.05, Steel-Dwass Test) in May.On the other hand, in the case of almost all vegetation during the investigation periods (except of S.subfragilis in May, Melilotus officinalis plus dead P.australis in June), the highest number was caught in the traps set up within the vegetation (P<0.05, Steel-Dwass Test).As a result, a significant difference was observed in the number of trapped P.acutipennis according to the vegetation and its height.It is suggested that the existence of multiple types of vegetation in the floodplain plays an important role for maintaining the diversity of the fauna there.展开更多
In order to improve insect-resistance of cottonand cultivate new cotton varieties,tissue cultureand plant regeneration of cotton(Gossypiumhirsutum L.)were studied with Xinluzao 4,Xi550,Jizi 492,Hengwu 89-30,Han 93-2 a...In order to improve insect-resistance of cottonand cultivate new cotton varieties,tissue cultureand plant regeneration of cotton(Gossypiumhirsutum L.)were studied with Xinluzao 4,Xi550,Jizi 492,Hengwu 89-30,Han 93-2 and Jizi123.A system of cotton tissue culture for展开更多
Cotton bollworm(Helicoverpa armigera) is an important agricultural pest that causes severe yield loss to crops,particularly to cotton.Transgenic Bt crops have been successful in
[Objective]This study was conducted to understand the species and quantity of flowervisiting insects in Xipu Forest Park,supplement the data of local flowervisiting insects,and fill the research gap of flowervisiting ...[Objective]This study was conducted to understand the species and quantity of flowervisiting insects in Xipu Forest Park,supplement the data of local flowervisiting insects,and fill the research gap of flowervisiting insects in the Lesser Hinggan Mountain.[Method]The methods of route survey and sample plot survey were used to investigate the community of flowervisiting insects,and the method of net catching was used to collect flowervisiting insects and record relevant data.[Results]A total of 1526 flowervisiting insects belonging to 79 species,27 families and 9 orders were found.Among them,Lepidoptera was the most,accounting for 40.51%,while Odonata,Mantodea,Hemiptera and Thysanoptera are the least.The results showed that the insect diversity index and insect dominance index were higher in the flower cultivation area,the insect evenness index was highest in the lawn area,and the flowervisiting insects in arbor area and flower shrub area were more similar.Rosaceae had the most flowervisiting insects,followed by Compositae,Cruciferae and Leguminosae.[Significance]The study provides scientific basis and data support for the rational development and utilization,biodiversity protection and sustainable development of forest parks.展开更多
文摘The original or primitive venation of mayflies was not presented clearly upon living materials before,this mostly results from the deform of mayfly imaginal wingbase.Some nymphs of large mayflies of China,like Siphluriscus chinensis,Ephemera pictipennis and Siphlonurus davidi,however,show some clues.Together,they demonstrate that in mayflies,subcostal brace maybe originated from longitudinal vein Anterior Subcostal(ScA),stems of Radius(R)and Media(M)are always fused at base,Media Posterior(MP)leave them first,then the branch of Rs(Radial Section)+MA(Media Anterior),Cubitus(Cu)disconnected to any other veins.Additionally,all longitudinal veins of mayflies fused with their sclerotized base respectively but without any moveable sclerite.Instead,base of R+M of mayflies sclerotized into a single one big plate,and all sclerites of wingbase are fused together rigidly by sclerotized wingbase,which disables any possible folding of mayfly wings.Phylogenetically,in the order Ephemeroptera,the different positions of ScA and Cu leaded to different and diverse venations and lineages of Ephemeroptera.In the Pterygota,the Ephemeroptera has the same fused pattern of R+M and three axillary sclerites as the Neoptera while the Odonata has the fused Cu+M,which disproves the monophyly of Paleoptera.
基金supported by Foundation for Research Support of the State of Bahia(FAPESB)the CAPES Foundation(Brazilian Ministry of Education+1 种基金Finance Code 001)for financial supportBahia Association of Cotton Producers。
文摘Background To control the boll weevil Anthonomus grandis grandis(Coleoptera:Curculionidae),a key pest of cotton in the Americas,insecticides have been intensively used to manage their populations,increasing selection pressure for resistant populations.Thus,this study aimed to detect insecticide resistance and assess insecticide control failure likelihood of boll weevil populations exposed to malathion,profenophos+cypermethrin,and fipronil insecticides.Results Twelve populations of the boll weevil were collected from commercial cotton fileds of the state of Bahia,northeastern Brazil.These populations were exposed to malathion,profenophos+cypermethrin mixture,and fipronil,at their respective maximum label dose for field applications.Three replicates of 10 adult beetles were exposed to the insecticides and mortality was recorded after 24 h treatment.The control failure likelihood was determined after 48 h.Highest median lethal times(LT_(50))were observed for malathion and the profenophos+cypermethrin mixture.Resistance to at least one insecticide was detected in 11 populations;three populations were resistant to malathion and profenophos+cypermethrin;seven were resistant to all insecticides tested.The resistance levels were low(<10-fold)for the three insecticides.Among 12 populations tested,58%of them exhibited significant risk of control failure for the insecticides malathion and profenophos+cypermethrin.The insecticide fipronil was efficient for the control of the boll weevil in 83%of the populations.Conclusions The results confirm the significant risk of insecticide control failure in the boll weevil populations to the main compounds used in the region.Thus,proper insecticide resistance management plans are necessary for the boll weevil in the region,particularly for malathion and profenophos+cypermethrin insecticides.
文摘Background:Sucking insect pests cause severe damage to cotton crop production.The development of insect resistant cotton cultivars is one of the most effective measures in curtailing the yield losses.Considering the role of morphological and biochemical host plant resista nee(HPR)traits in plant defense,12 cotton genotypes/varieties were evaluated for leaf area,leaf glanding,total soluble sugars,total soluble proteins,total phenolics,tannin and total flavonoids against fluctuating populations of whitefly,thrips and jassid under field conditions.Results:The population of these insects fluctuated during the growing seas on and remained above threshold level(whitefly>5,thrips>(8-10)f or jassid>1 per leaf)during late June and early July.Strong and negative association of whitefly(r=-0.825)and jassid(r=-0.929)with seed cotton yield was observed.Mean population of insects were the highest in Glandless-1 followed by NIA-82 and NIA-M30.NIAB-Kiran followed by NI AB-878 and Sadori were the most resistant,with the mean population of 1.41,1.60,1.66(whitefly);2.24,232,2.53(thrips)and 037,0.31,036(jassid),respectively.The resistant variety NIAB-Kiran showed less soluble sugars(8.54 mg.g^(-1)),soluble proteins(27.11 mg.g^(-1))and more phenolic(36.56 mg.g^(-1))and flavonoids(13.10mg.g^(-1))as compared with the susceptible check Glandless-1.Moreover,all insect populations were positively correlated with total soluble sugars and proteins.Whitefly populations exhibited negative response to leaf gossypol glands,total phenolics,tannins and flavonoids.The thrips and jassid populations had a significant and negative correlation with these four biochemical HPR traits.Conclusion:The ide ntified resistant resources and HPR traits can be deployed against sucking in sect pests'complex in future breeding programs of developing insect resistant cotton varieties.
文摘A culture system was developed and successfully employed for the serum-free cultivation of Tn-5B1-4 (Tn5 ) insect cells. With our adaptation procedure, it was possible to obtain cells fully adapted to serum-free media in stationary T-flasks and then enable these adapted cells to grow well in spinner flasks immediately. The spinner "ask with special stirring design proved tO provide favorable culture environment that made it desirable for use in the serum-free cultivation of Tn5 cells even at low seeding density.
文摘An investigation of effect of Latana camara, Tephrosia vogelii and Zingiber officinale applied at 5%, 10% and 25% concentrations on flea beetle of cabbage was conducted on the Teaching and Research Farm of the Ladoke Akintola University of Technology Ogbomoso in the early seasons of 2011 and 2012. The experiment consisted of 11 treatments laid in a Randomized Complete Block Design （RCBD） with three replications. Data were subjected to analysis of variance and significant means were compared using the Least Significant Difference （LSD） at p〈0.05. All the tested plant extracts exhibited moderate efficacy in the control of flea beetle. The treatment plant extracts performed as well as synthetic insecticides （0.76±0.05 and 0.76±0.05, respectively）. It was discovered that 25% w/v of Z. officinale gave the best yield of 0.50 kg · hm-2. The result showed that extract of T. vogelii （0.71±0.00） and L. camara （0.96±0.23） could suppress flea beetle population at different hours of spraying, while Z. officinale showed an effect at 48 HAS （0.71±0.00） and 72 HAS （0.76±0.05） alter spraying.
基金the River Environment Fundin charge of the Foundation of River Watershed Environment Management ,Japan and Grant-in-Aid for 21st Century COE Programbythe Ministry of Education,Culture ,Sports ,Science ,and Technology.
文摘To clarify the role of waterfront vegetation of floodplains for adult aquatic insects, Trichoptera and Diptera (Tipulidae and Chironomidae), in the middle reaches of the Chikuma River from May to July, an investigation of the number of these insects was conducted by trapping in each type of vegetation using board traps.A total of 2608.5 adults/m 2 were collected, and we identified a total of 26 species belonging to three taxa,i.e., seven species of Trichoptera, four species of Tipulidae and 15 species of Chironomidae. The most abundant species was Psychomyia acutipennis in Trichoptera (95.7%). There was a significant difference between the number of P.acutipennis in the all vegetation area (especially, Salix subfragilis) and the control area (no vegetation) during the investigation periods (P<0.05, Mann-Whitney U-test). Other taxa did not show a significant difference between the all vegetation area and the control. Moreover, the numbers of adult P. acutipennis showed a significant difference in height on each vegetation. In the case of Vicia villosa varia and V. villosa varia plus dead Phragmites australis, the highest number was caught in the traps set in the boundary between one plant and the plant above (P<0.05, Steel-Dwass Test) in May.On the other hand, in the case of almost all vegetation during the investigation periods (except of S.subfragilis in May, Melilotus officinalis plus dead P.australis in June), the highest number was caught in the traps set up within the vegetation (P<0.05, Steel-Dwass Test).As a result, a significant difference was observed in the number of trapped P.acutipennis according to the vegetation and its height.It is suggested that the existence of multiple types of vegetation in the floodplain plays an important role for maintaining the diversity of the fauna there.
文摘In order to improve insect-resistance of cottonand cultivate new cotton varieties,tissue cultureand plant regeneration of cotton(Gossypiumhirsutum L.)were studied with Xinluzao 4,Xi550,Jizi 492,Hengwu 89-30,Han 93-2 and Jizi123.A system of cotton tissue culture for
文摘Cotton bollworm(Helicoverpa armigera) is an important agricultural pest that causes severe yield loss to crops,particularly to cotton.Transgenic Bt crops have been successful in
基金Heilongjiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation(c2016054)Jiamusi University Science and Technology Research General Project(JMSUJCMS2016014).
文摘[Objective]This study was conducted to understand the species and quantity of flowervisiting insects in Xipu Forest Park,supplement the data of local flowervisiting insects,and fill the research gap of flowervisiting insects in the Lesser Hinggan Mountain.[Method]The methods of route survey and sample plot survey were used to investigate the community of flowervisiting insects,and the method of net catching was used to collect flowervisiting insects and record relevant data.[Results]A total of 1526 flowervisiting insects belonging to 79 species,27 families and 9 orders were found.Among them,Lepidoptera was the most,accounting for 40.51%,while Odonata,Mantodea,Hemiptera and Thysanoptera are the least.The results showed that the insect diversity index and insect dominance index were higher in the flower cultivation area,the insect evenness index was highest in the lawn area,and the flowervisiting insects in arbor area and flower shrub area were more similar.Rosaceae had the most flowervisiting insects,followed by Compositae,Cruciferae and Leguminosae.[Significance]The study provides scientific basis and data support for the rational development and utilization,biodiversity protection and sustainable development of forest parks.
