摘要
全面报告了辽西地区早期冶铜技术截止目前所取得的研究成果.这些成果包括辽宁省凌原县牛河梁的两处遗址出土的夏家店下层文化的炼铜遗物、内蒙古敖汉旗大甸夏家店下层文化墓地出土的铜器、内蒙古林西县大井夏家店上层文化古铜矿冶遗址、内蒙古巴林右旗塔布敖包夏家店上层文化炼铜遗址的采矿、冶炼及铜器制作技术.牛河梁炼铜炉壁残片的检测显示当时使用结构独特的带双排鼓风孔的小型炼炉冶炼附近出产的氧化矿石,热释光年代测定其属于夏家店下层文化早期.对大甸子墓地出土的57件铜器中41件进行了检测,发现所有铜器的材质皆为锡青铜并含有少量的铅,铸造制品与锻造制品的含锡量相差8%,表明当时能够根据不同的制作技术来调配锡含量,锡料和铜料是分开使用的,锡料的来源很可能是赤峰北部的锡多金属成矿带.林西大井古铜矿冶遗址和巴林右旗塔布敖包冶炼遗址使用大井出产的铜锡砷共生矿石经死焙烧后直接冶炼出高锡的铜锡砷三元合金并含有微量的银,这些迹象表明在夏家店上层文化早期在西拉沐伦河北岸地区以大井铜矿为中心展开过规模甚大的冶铸活动.
Liaoxi region, taking Chifeng as its center and surrounded by the mountains and rivers and had rich source of copper and tin, is one of the most important areas to trace the original and early faces of Chinese Civilization archaeologically. Bronze metallurgy was believed as the only technological element of civilization, so it is needed to uncover the steps of the metal techniques of the region. The archaeologists worked in the region have excavated so many ruins during the last several decades that we could put our archaeometallurgical works in practice under the support of NSFC. What reported here are the main works achieved so far.Copper smelting technology of Nuiheliang site of the Lower Xiajiadian Culture a great number of furnace wall fragments with holes and adhered slag were unearthed on the top of a man-built pyramid at Niuheliang of Liyuan County, Liaoning Province in the middle of 1980's. The diameter of the furnace was measured to be 23cm～25cm. On the upper pqrt of the furnace there were 12 blow holes of 3.4cm～4.0cm in diameter and inclined at 35° down to the center of the hearth. They were arranged in two rows about 8cm apart, each row had 6 holes separated by about 12cm.The adhered fragments slag contained Cu 1%～9%, S 0.01%～0.106%, MgO 14%～27%, CaO 8%～18%, FeO 7%～17%, SiO_2 43%～54%, Al_2O_3 1%～5%. Pure copper prills with different dimensions were observed within the slag. Thermoluminesence (TL) dating showed that the furnace wall fragments dated back to 3000 BP～2500 BP, and belonged to the Lower Xiajiadian Culture. Several copper deposits with high MgO content in gangue were found near Niuheliang. Some of them had mining evidences. So the high content of MgO indicated that the slag was produced during smelting of the oxide copper ores nearby. The special construction of the furnace showed it was very possible that the smelting was supported by blowpipes through no any remains of the blowpipe were found. There was no archaeological indication of the smelting operation at the site. The furnace wall fragment were suggested to be brought to the pyramid. No smelting sites were in the neighborhood, but the same kind of fragment was collected on the top a natural hill about 1 km in south of the pyramid. Analyses of Bronze artifacts unearthed from the tombs of the Lower Xiajiadian Culture Analyses have been made upon 41 specimens out of 57 bronzes such as ear and finger rings unearthed from the tombs of the Lower Xiajiadian Culture at Dadianzi Village, Aohanqi, Chifeng of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region. Among the 41 specimens, 11 were made into polished section for microscope testing, the others just polished at surface for SEM analyses. All the specimens proved to be made of bronze with tin 2.2%～24.5%, lead below 6.0%.Casting and heat forge techniques were employed to make different bronzes. The casting bronzes are some 8% higher than the forging ones in the content of tin, this fact indicated that the workers of Dadianzi could control the tin content accordingly, thus the copper and tin for those bronzes must to be produced separately. Several copper mines were found with evidences of ancient operating near Dadianzi, but no any trace of tin source nearby. The tin-lead alloy contained tin about 10% and the iron ore contained tungsten unearthed in the same cemetery suggests that the tin probably came from the tin vein along the north side of the Xi-La-Mu-Lun River which takes the tin-lead or tungsten coexisting ore as its specific property. Bronze smelting technology of two smelting sites of the Upper Xiajiadian Culture Dajing site, located at N43°40′20″～43°42′25″,E118°18′～118°20′ and dated as 3000BP, is not only the first copper mining and smelting ruin excavated in modern China, but also the only site in the world that mined and smelt coexist ores to produce Cu-Sn-As alloy. 47 mining pits with about 1500 stone tools were found and collected in an area of 2.5km^2. The total copper amount of ancient mining had been estimated about 4000t. Artifacts including fragments of sulfide ore, sl
出处
《广西民族学院学报（自然科学版）》
CAS
2004年第2期11-20,共10页
Journal of Guangxi University For Nationalities(Natural Science Edition)
基金
国家自然科学基金资助项目(50074009)
