摘要
常用词的历时更替不仅仅表现为一对一的替换过程,有时会呈现出“枣核”(两头尖,中间鼓)面貌:起初一个概念只有少数几个词表达,然后数量增加,规模膨胀,后来又精简至几个词,膨胀期呈现系列化、类比式发展的特征。先秦时期表示“偷看”意义的词主要有“窥”“觇”“伺”;汉魏晋南北朝时期,表示“偷看”意义的词,形成了“窥”系词群、“觇”系词群、“伺”系词群,同时增加了“窃”系词群;唐宋元明清时期,各系进一步发展,因为文白对立,“窥”系词群、“觇”系词群、“伺”系词群的成员处于文言系统,后出的“偷”系词群处于古白话系统,而“窃”系词群处于二者的交汇处,在笔记类文献中使用较多;到了现代汉语中,随着文言和笔记类文献的消失,“窥”系词群、“觇”系词群、“伺系”词群和“窃”系词群的成员几近消失,而“偷”系词群中的“偷看、偷窥、偷瞧”等词使用的范围比较广、频率比较高。
The process of the common words in diachronic substitution not only present the features of one-to-one,but also like the date pit(large mid-back and small ends).Firstly,there were only a few words to express the specific meaning, then the quantity of the words increased and the scale expanded rapidly, and reducing down to a few words afterwards, the expansion showed the serial, analogical features. There were " kui(窥)"" chan(觇)"" si(伺)" in the conceptual field of "peek" in the Pre-Chin Period. In the Han-wei-Jin-southern and northern dynasties Period, many new words which belong to the series of " kui(窥)",series of " chan(规)"or series of "si(伺)" and a new series "qie(窃)".During the Tang-Song-Yuan-MingQing dynasties Period,evolvements was further on,many new words generated,with the opposition of the literature materials between Classical Chinese and Vernacular, words which belong to the series of "kui(窥)",series of "chan(觇)"or series of "si(伺)" were used in classical Chinese literature materials and words which belong to the series of " tou(偷)" in the vernacular Chinese literature materials, accordingly, words which belong to the series of " qie(窃)" in notes Chinese literature materials. In modern Chinese,words belong to the series of" kui(窥)",series of " chan(觇)",series of " si(伺)" and series of " qie(窃)" disappeared with the disappearance of classical Chinese use,the members of series of " tou(偷)",such as" toukan(偷看)"" toukui(偷窥)"" touqiao(偷瞧)" used widely and frequently.
作者
于芝涵
Yu Zhihan(Beijing Normal University)
关键词
“偷看”概念场
历时更替
系列化、类比式特征
conceptual field of words signifying " peep
diachronic substitution
serial andanalogical features
