摘要
具有三维多孔结构的气凝胶作为一种新兴材料,因其轻质、高比表面积和孔隙特性,在纺织品领域展现出巨大的应用潜力,并逐渐成为研究热点。基于气凝胶的功能性纺织品因其独特的性能优势,被认为是下一代高性能功能织物的理想候选材料。本文聚焦气凝胶基纺织品的开发,首先对比了由纤维素、二氧化硅、聚酰亚胺等不同材料制备的气凝胶纺织品的结构与功能特性差异,系统总结了主要制备工艺,详细分析了气凝胶纺织品的性能,探讨了气凝胶对纺织品改性的优势和机理,同时介绍了相关前沿。最后,基于当前气凝胶纺织品的现存问题提出未来发展方向,以期为构建功能集成化、工艺绿色化的气凝胶纺织品体系提供理论支撑。
In recent years,the escalating demand for high-performance textiles with advanced functionalities has spurred significant research interest in novel materials.Aerogels,a class of emerging materials characterized by their three-dimensional porous network structure,low density,high specific surface area,and tunable porosity,have demonstrated immense potential for revolutionizing the textile industry.Their unique combination of properties makes them ideal candidates for developing next-generation functional fabrics capable of meeting diverse and demanding application requirements,ranging from personal protection and smart wearables to energy management and environmental remediation.Consequently,aerogel-based functional textiles have rapidly become a prominent research hotspot,attracting considerable attention from both academia and industry.This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the recent advancements in the development of aerogel-based functional textiles.It seeks to systematically compare the structural and functional characteristics of aerogels derived from various precursor materials,summarize the primary fabrication methodologies,meticulously analyze the performance attributes of the resultant aerogel textiles,and elucidate the underlying mechanisms and advantages of aerogel modification for textile enhancement.Furthermore,this paper highlights cutting-edge research frontiers and,based on an assessment of current challenges,proposes future research directions to foster the creation of functionally integrated and sustainably processed aerogel textile systems.This review systematically surveys and synthesizes recent literature pertaining to aerogel-based functional textiles,investigating and comparing aerogels synthesized from diverse precursors,including cellulose,silica,polyimide(PI),graphene,and aramid nanofibers(ANFs).For each material,its inherent properties such as biodegradability of cellulose,thermal stability of PI,conductivity of graphene,mechanical strength of ANFs and suitability for aerogel formation and textile integration are considered.The review also summarizes and evaluates the principal techniques for preparing aerogels,such as supercritical CO 2 drying,freeze-drying,and ambient pressure drying.The advantages,limitations,and impact of each drying method on the final aerogel structure and properties are discussed.The common methods for incorporating aerogels into textile substrates are examined.These include developing aerogel-coated fabrics via dip-coating,spray-coating,lamination,fabricating aerogel fibers through wet spinning,electrospinning followed by gelation and drying for subsequent weaving or knitting,and producing aerogel felts or nonwoven composites where aerogels are embedded within a fibrous matrix.The study reviews the functional performance of aerogel-based textiles,focusing on properties such as thermal insulation,electromagnetic interference(EMI)shielding,sound absorption,and hydrophobicity,along with their corresponding characterization techniques.Aerogel-based functional textiles represent a significant breakthrough in materials science,offering unparalleled properties such as ultra-low density,superior thermal insulation,and the potential for multifunctional integration including EMI shielding,sound absorption,and hydrophobicity,thereby showing great promise in diverse applications.Specific applications have already been demonstrated in solar evaporators,smart clothing,thermal protective apparel,personal thermal management systems,air filtration,and oil spill remediation.Nevertheless,challenges persist,including the inherent brittleness of some aerogels,the complexity and high cost of manufacturing processes,and ensuring the long-term durability and washability of functional properties.Overcoming these challenges is crucial for the widespread adoption and commercialization of aerogel textiles.This review also discusses strategies to address these issues and offers an outlook on their future development.
作者
蒋琦雯
张春明
JIANG Qiwen;ZHANG Chunming(College of Textile&Clothing,Qingdao University,Qingdao 266000,China;College of Textiles,Donghua University,Shanghai 200051,China)
出处
《丝绸》
北大核心
2025年第11期72-83,共12页
Journal of Silk
基金
国家重点研发计划项目(2017YFB0309704)
中国博士后科学基金项目(2018M632624)
省部共建生物多糖纤维成形与生态纺织国家重点实验室(青岛大学)基金项目(ZKT48)。
关键词
气凝胶
织物
纤维
复合材料
功能设计
多孔材料
aerogel
fabric
fiber
composite materials
functional design
porous materials
作者简介
蒋琦雯(1998),女,硕士研究生,研究方向为功能性服装材料;通信作者:张春明,副教授,zhangchunming@qdu.edu.cn。
