摘要
【目的】探究缺钾条件下砧木嫁接对西瓜钾效率及果实产量与品质的影响,为设施西瓜节肥增效生产提供理论指导和技术支持。【方法】以‘早佳8424’西瓜(Citrullus lanatus)自嫁苗及其分别与‘京欣砧冠’葫芦(Lagenaria siceraria Standl.)和‘日本雪松’南瓜(Cucurbita moschata Duch.)的嫁接苗为试验材料,研究正常钾(6 mmol/L)和缺钾(3 mmol/L)处理下砧木嫁接对西瓜植株生长,根系形态,N、P、K累积量,钾效率,光合特性及果实产量与品质的影响。【结果】在正常钾水平下,砧木嫁接西瓜植株的生长,根系形态,N、P、K总积累量,钾效率,净光合速率,产量,果皮硬度,果实可溶性还原糖和可溶性蛋白含量均优于西瓜自嫁接植株,其中‘日本雪松’南瓜嫁接西瓜植株表现最佳。与正常钾水平相比,缺钾处理增加了西瓜植株的钾吸收效率、果皮硬度和果实维生素C含量,降低了N、P、K积累量;自嫁接西瓜植株的总干质量、钾同化效率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度、产量、可溶性固形物含量和糖酸比分别下降了13.64%,9.47%,44.35%,57.14%,21.31%,23.58%和18.48%;葫芦砧木嫁接西瓜植株的总干质量、钾同化效率、光合速率、产量和糖酸比分别下降了29.73%,30.87%,25.37%,14.24%和11.28%;南瓜砧木嫁接西瓜植株光合速率和蒸腾速率有所下降,但其钾吸收、同化和利用效率以及果实糖酸比、可溶性固形物和可溶性还原糖含量分别增加了12.72%,50.93%,70.03%,22.68%,10.64%和10.61%。在缺钾条件下,与自嫁接西瓜植株相比,南瓜砧木嫁接西瓜植株的总干质量、氮总积累量、磷总积累量、钾总积累量、钾吸收率、钾同化率、钾利用率、光合速率、蒸腾速率、果实产量、可溶性固形物和可溶性还原糖含量分别提高154.96%,197.49%,166.47%,141.07%,140.76%,182.56%,582.28%,27.47%,109.11%,161.77%,6.54%和36.72%,表现最佳。【结论】缺钾会抑制西瓜植株的生长和氮磷钾积累与利用,导致果实产量和品质下降。砧木嫁接有助于改善缺钾条件下西瓜植株的生长、营养生理以及果实产量、品质、耐贮运性和货架期。
【Objective】The study aimed to explore the effects of rootstock grafting on watermelon potassium efficiency,fruit yield and quality under potassium deficiency conditions,and to provide theoretical guidance and technical support for fertilizer-saving and efficiency-enhancing production of greenhouse watermelons.【Method】A commercial watermelon(Citrullus lanatus)cultivar‘Zaojia 8424’was self-grafted and grafted onto‘Japanese cedar’pumpkin(Cucurbita moschata Duch.)rootstock and‘Jingxinzhenguan’gourd(Lagenaria siceraria Standl.)as materials.The effects of rootstock grafting on growth,root morphology,element accumulation,potassium efficiency,photosynthetic characteristics and fruit yield and quality of watermelon plants under normal potassium(6 mmol/L)and potassium deficiency(3 mmol/L)treatments were studied.【Result】Under normal potassium levels,the growth,root morphology,total accumulation of nitrogen,phosphorus,and potassium elements,potassium efficiency,net photosynthetic rate,yield,peel hardness,soluble reducing sugar and soluble protein content of watermelon plants grafted with two rootstocks were higher than those of self-grafted watermelon seedlings.Among them,the watermelon plants grafted onto‘Japanese cedar’pumpkin rootstock performed the best.Compared with normal potassium treatment,potassium deficiency treatment increased the potassium absorption efficiency,peel hardness,and fruit vitamin C content of each plant,while reducing the accumulation of nitrogen,phosphorus,and potassium.Meantime,potassium deficiency treatment resulted in a decrease of total dry weight by 13.64%,potassium assimilation efficiency by 9.47%,transpiration rate by 44.35%,stomatal conductance by 57.14%,yield by 21.31%,soluble solids content by 23.58%and sugar acid ratio by 18.48%of selfgrafted watermelon plants.The total dry weight of watermelon plants grafted with gourd rootstock decreased by 29.73%,potassium assimilation efficiency by 30.87%,photosynthetic rate by 25.37%,yield by 14.24%and sugar acid ratio by 11.28%.However,although photosynthetic rate and transpiration rate of watermelon plants grafted with pumpkin rootstock decreased,their potassium absorption,assimilation,and utilization efficiency increased by 12.72%,50.93%,70.03%,respectively,and sugar acid ratio,the soluble solids content,and soluble reducing sugar content of the fruit increased by 22.68%,10.64%and 10.61%,respectively.Their plant growth and yield were not significantly affected.Finally,under potassium deficiency treatment,the total dry weight of watermelon plants grafted onto pumpkin rootstock was increased by 154.96%compared to that of self-grafted watermelon plants,the total nitrogen accumulation by 197.49%,the total phosphorus accumulation by 166.47%,the total potassium accumulation by 141.07%,the potassium absorption rate by 140.76%,the potassium assimilation rate by 182.56%,the potassium utilization rate by 582.28%,the photosynthetic rate by 27.47%,the transpiration rate by 109.11%,the yield by 161.77%,the soluble solids content by 6.54%,and the soluble reducing sugar content by 36.72%,indicating that watermelon plants grafted onto pumpkin rootstock showed the best performance.【Conclusion】Potassium deficiency can inhibit the growth,and utilization of nitrogen,phosphorus,and potassium in watermelon plants,leading to a decrease in fruit yield and quality.Rootstock grafting helps improve the growth,nutritional physiology,fruit yield,quality,storage and transportation tolerance,and shelf life of watermelon plants under potassium deficiency conditions.
作者
李国虎
黄琪
王汛
魏淑蘅
王智钰
甄爱
LI Guohu;HUANG Qi;WANG Xun;WEI Shuheng;WANG Zhiyu;ZHEN Ai(College of Horticulture,Northwest A&F University,Yangling,Shaanxi 712100,China;Key Laboratory of Protected Horticultural Engineering in Northwest,Ministry of Agriculture,Yangling,Shaanxi 712100,China;Shaanxi Province Facility Agriculture Engineering Center,Yangling,Shaanxi 712100,China)
出处
《西北农林科技大学学报(自然科学版)》
北大核心
2025年第9期121-133,共13页
Journal of Northwest A&F University(Natural Science Edition)
基金
国家自然科学基金青年项目(32202580)。
关键词
西瓜栽培
砧木嫁接
钾胁迫
钾肥利用率
watermelon cultivation
rootstock grafting
potassium stress
potassium fertilizer utilization rate
作者简介
李国虎(2001-),男,青海海东人,在读硕士,主要从事设施瓜类作物栽培及生理生态研究。E-mail:liguohu@nwafu.edu.cn;通信作者:甄爱(1986-),女,内蒙古巴彦淖尔人,讲师,博士,硕士生导师,主要从事设施瓜菜节肥增效嫁接栽培技术集成和耐逆境机制研究。E-mail:81558850@qq.com。
