摘要
重庆酉阳有600年土司统治史留下的丰富遗存,但基于考古工作的土司研究成果相对单薄。本文对酉阳土司文化考古发现与研究情况进行系统梳理,并结合同属武陵山区的海龙屯、唐崖、老司城土司文化特点进行类比,提出武陵山区土司文化具备很多趋近中原文化的考古学特征,如茔地专葬、祔祖而葬、祔夫而葬,等等。形成这一特点的原因在于,酉阳土司系中央平叛后守备长官保境割据或王朝更替等特殊形势下由流官转为世袭土酋,不仅先天自带中原中央王朝文化属性,在其统治过程中更是需要通过强化对“中原”身份和中央王朝的册封承认来加强集权。其与中原文化的相异之处,更多是因应武陵山区自然地理特点的因势而变,是区域特征而非族属文化特征。基于此,从物化特征上探讨土司制度在实现中央王朝对西南边疆的有效治理、铸牢中华民族共同体意识方面曾发挥重要作用。
Youyang Tujia and Miao Autonomous County,situated at the junction of Chongqing,Hunan,Guizhou,and Hubei,possesses a 600-year history of Tusi(chieftain)governance that has left abundant historical remains.However,due to various subjective and objective factors,academic achievements in archaeological excavations and research based on formal field archaeology and investigations remained relatively limited over extended periods.Since 2017,as a part of rural revitalization efforts consolidating poverty alleviation achievements,collaborative archaeological investigations and excavations conducted by Chongqing Cultural Heritage Research Institute and the National Cultural Heritage Administration’s Archaeological Research Center have progressively enriched research outcomes.These efforts have essentially clarified the developmental trajectories and spatial distribution patterns of historical sites related to the Ran,Bai,and He chieftain clans.This study systematically synthesizes archaeological discoveries and research on Tusi culture in Youyang through analysis of local chronicles and previous scholarship,while conducting comparative examinations with representative Tusi archaeological sites in the Wuling Mountains region—Hailongtun(Guizhou),Tangya(Hubei),and Laosicheng(Hunan).The findings reveal that the Tusi culture in Youyang shares numerous characteristics convergent with Central Plains cultural norms,including specialized burial grounds,interment practices of accompanying ancestors or spouses,and evident compliance with the Zhao-Mu ancestral arrangement system and post-Song/Yuan geomancy principles in tomb cluster layouts.The study argues that this cultural convergence stems from Youyang Tusi’s distinctive origins.Unlike traditional Tusi systems in Sichuan,Xizang,and Yunnan where local chieftainships emerged from indigenous tribal powers later recognized by central authorities,Youyang Tusi originated from imperial military commanders transitioning into hereditary rulers during special historical circumstances.This unique genesis endowed them with inherent Central Plains cultural attributes,necessitating deliberate adherence to Confucian ritual norms to legitimize their governance.Their political legitimacy fundamentally relied on emphasizing“Central Plains”identity and imperial recognition to consolidate authority.Divergences from Central Plains cultural practices,such as terrain-adaptive architectural layouts following“utilizing natural endowments and geographical advantages”principles,and proximity between residential compounds and burial sites,primarily resulted from adaptations to Wuling Mountains’unique topography rather than ethnic cultural characteristics.These findings significantly contribute to material culture studies on how Tusi institutions facilitated effective governance of southwestern frontiers by central dynasties and enhanced the consciousness of the Chinese national community.
作者
孙波
Sun Bo(National Cultural Heritage Administration,Beijing 100009,China;People’s Government of Youyang Tujia and Miao Autonomous County,Chongqing 409800,China)
出处
《中国文化遗产》
2025年第4期115-123,共9页
China Cultural Heritage
关键词
酉阳土司
丧葬礼俗
考古发掘
武陵山
Youyang Tusi
funeral customs
archaeological excavations
Wuling Mountains
