晚明福建海防体系演变考论

An Examination of the Evolution of Fujian’s Coastal Defense System in the Late Ming Dynasty

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摘要明后期,福建海防体系的更置主要集中在三个阶段。嘉靖倭乱至万历初,福建海防从都司卫所体制转型为省镇营兵制下镇—协—路—水寨四级防区,另设三支游兵机动巡防。万历援朝御倭战争前后,福建巡抚标兵与三路分守建制得到恢复并增加了四支游兵,传统观点所认为的“三路五寨七游”仅符合此时部分情况。万历末以降,殖民者与海盗骚扰沿海,福建海防建制最终增至一镇一协六路五寨十一游,游兵改为固守信地,与五寨水兵信地同为基层防区。以福建为例,可见嘉靖倭乱以来东南四省海防分路应为省镇营兵制下的路级防区,以分守将领设置为划定标准。 During the late Ming period,the transformation of Fujian’s coastal defense system occurred primarily in three stages.From the Jiajing Japanese Pirates Disturbances to the early Wanli era,Fujian’s coastal defense transitioned from the Dusi(都司,the regional military commission)-Wei(卫,the garrison unit)-Suo(所,a lower-level military unit under Wei)system to a provincial military town-based defense system(省镇营兵制),establishing a four-tiered defense hierarchy:town(镇)-coordination unit(协)-route(路)-naval forts(水寨).Additionally,three mobile patrol units(游兵)were deployed.Around the time of the Wanli Korean Campaign against Japanese invasion,the Fujian governor’s elite troops(标兵)and the three-route defense system(三路分守)were restored,with four additional mobile patrol units added.The traditional view of a“three routes,five naval forts,and seven mobile patrol units(三路五寨七游)”system only partially reflects the situation during this period.From the late Wanli period onward,increased incursions by colonial forces and pirates led to further expansion of Fujian’s defense structure.By this time,the coastal defense system had grown to“one town,one coordination unit,six routes,five naval forts,and eleven mobile patrol units(一镇一协六路五寨十一游)”.The mobile patrol units were reassigned to fixed strongholds(固守信地),operating at the same level as naval fort troops in the local defense areas.Using Fujian as a case study,it becomes evident that since the Jiajing Japanese Pirates Disturbances,coastal defense in the four southeastern provinces was divided into route-level defense zones under the provincial military town-based defense system,with regional military commanders serving as the primary criterion for delineating these divisions.

作者张汉青 Zhang Hanqing

机构地区天津师范大学历史文化学院

出处《中国边疆史地研究》北大核心 2025年第1期167-177,216,F0003,共13页 China's Borderland History and Geography Studies

基金国家社会科学基金一般项目“明代外隶千百户所与基层社会治理研究”(23BZS064)的阶段性成果。

关键词晚明福建海防体系省镇营兵制海防分路 Late Ming Fujian Coastal Defense System Provincial Military Town-based Defense System Coastal Defense Level Division

分类号 K248 [历史地理—中国史]

作者简介张汉青,1996年生,天津师范大学历史文化学院讲师。地址:天津市西青区宾水西道393号,邮编300387。