摘要
大规模低轨小卫星星座近年来在卫星通信、遥感观测等领域已成为各国商业公司发展的重点,我国也正在发展各类低轨卫星星座,在轨卫星数量急剧上升,航天测控运控系统作为卫星在轨平稳运行的管理操作者,针对大规模低轨卫星的高效测控正面临着重大挑战。借鉴移动通信领域的技术思想,该文设计提出了一种全新的面向低轨大规模星座的航天测控随遇接入技术。该技术利用全空域天线设备,构建形成低功耗的全时全景波束,通过专用接入信道,可形成地面站对大批量过境低轨卫星的“基站式”自动随遇接入,基于随遇接入技术构建的航天测控网将能够为各类低轨卫星测控、运控用户提供分布式端到端的高效服务能力。该文全面介绍了航天测控随遇接入系统的工作原理、体系架构、技术体制设计与关键技术,建立了随遇接入系统的用户容量模型。通过系统分析设计,可实现20000颗以上卫星在轨接入和测运控管理的服务能力,将有力支撑我各类低轨星座的建设与在轨高效应用。
Objective The rapid proliferation of Low Earth Orbit(LEO)mega-constellations has introduced significant challenges to traditional aerospace Tracking,Telemetry,and Command(TT&C)systems.These systems struggle to meet the growing demands of large-scale satellite operations due to limited capacity and inefficient resource management.This study proposes an innovative aerospace TT&C on-the-spot access technology,inspired by mobile communication systems,to address these challenges.The key objectives include enabling automatic,“base station-like”access for massive LEO satellite constellations,decoupling access and service links to enhance system scalability,and establishing a distributed,end-to-end TT&C network capable of supporting over 20,000 satellites in orbit.Methods The proposed technology integrates three core components:(1)Full-Time Panoramic Beam Coverage:Ground stations employ full airspace antenna arrays to generate low-power,continuous panoramic beams,ensuring 7~24 h signal coverage.This setup enables satellites entering a station’s coverage zone to automatically establish bidirectional links via dedicated access control channels.(2)Hybrid Multiple Access Scheme:A combination of Space Division Multiple Access(SDMA)and Spread spectrum ALOHA Multiple Access(SAMA)is employed.SDMA partitions the airspace into sectors using phased-array beams,while SAMA utilizes pseudo-random sequences and time-slotted ALOHA to resolve contention among satellites.This hybrid approach optimizes complexity,backward compatibility,and scalability.(3)Distributed Network Architecture:The system shifts from a centralized,schedule-driven model to a decentralized framework,enabling TT&C users to interact directly with satellites via ground stations.Key innovations include:(1)Dedicated Access Control Channels:Separate from service links,these channels manage handshaking,status reporting,and emergency requests.(2)Channelized Beamforming:Flexible beam control allows dynamic resource allocation and ensures compatibility between legacy parabolic antennas and new phased-array systems.(3)Parallel Acquisition:Parallel sampling-processing pipelines and multi-channel frequency search strategies enhance acquisition through correlated parallelism and buffering techniques.Experimental validation demonstrates a success rate exceeding 95%for 8-user concurrent acquisition under typical SNR conditions,effectively balancing Doppler dynamics,timing,SNR thresholds,and hardware constraints amid interference.System performance is assessed using a Poisson process model to simulate satellite arrival rates and collision probabilities,with Monte Carlo simulations for link reliability and capacity estimation.Results and Discussions Compared to traditional single-beam TT&C systems,the proposed technology eliminates the need for manual scheduling,reduces latency,and enables parallel service for hundreds of satellites.The hybrid SDMA-SAMA scheme mitigates the"near-far effect"and signal collisions,achieving an optimal balance between complexity and performance.Integration with existing infrastructure,such as legacy antennas,ensures cost-effectiveness and facilitates gradual deployment.Under typical conditions,the success probability for a single satellite to gain access to the ground station exceeds 99.75%within 10 seconds(after two transmission attempts).Conclusions This study introduces a groundbreaking solution to the TT&C challenges posed by megaconstellations.The on-the-spot access technology redefines satellite-ground interactions by emulating mobile communication principles,facilitating automatic,distributed,and scalable operations.Key achievements include:(1)Decoupling Access and Service Links:This architectural shift effectively resolves capacity bottlenecks inherent in traditional systems.(2)Hybrid Multiple Access:The SDMA-SAMA combination ensures backward compatibility while supporting future expansions.(3)Operational Flexibility:Both ground operators and satellites can initiate TT&C sessions,enhancing responsiveness in emergency scenarios.Future work will focus on integrating artificial intelligence for predictive resource allocation and extending the framework to relay satellite systems for global coverage.The proposed system represents a significant advancement toward efficient,autonomous,and large-scale space infrastructure management.
作者
董光亮
郝万宏
张国亭
汤达
郭洁
DONG Guangliang;HAO Wanhong;ZHANG Guoting;TANG Da;GUO Jie(Beijing Institute of Tracking and Telecommunications Technology,Beijing 100094,China)
出处
《电子与信息学报》
北大核心
2025年第7期2172-2182,共11页
Journal of Electronics & Information Technology
关键词
低轨卫星
航天测控
随遇接入
Low-orbit satellite constellations
Space Tracking Telemetry and Command(TT&C)
On-the-spot access technology
作者简介
董光亮:男,研究员,研究方向为航天系统工程,航天测控通信;通信作者:郝万宏,男,助理研究员,研究方向为空间信息网络,航天测控通信,信号处理,13811582150@139.com;张国亭:男,研究员,研究方向为航天测控通信,航天器管理;汤达:男,助理研究员,研究方向为航天测控通信,空间信息传输;郭洁:男,副研究员,研究方向为航天测控通信,扩频技术.
