“辰在斗柄,星在天鼋”发微——兼论古文献中的“五纪”系统

An Elucidation of“the Chen at the Handle of the Dipper,the Xing in the Celestial Tortoise”:Inquiry into the“Wu Ji”System in Ancient Chinese Texts

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摘要《国语·周语》所载伶州鸠论武王伐纣天象中有“辰在斗柄,星在天鼋”一则,其中“辰”与“星”之释义,不宜囿于旧解,即“日月之会”与“水星”之说,而应分别理解为“大火”与“参星”。原句旨在描绘:大火星悬于斗柄之位,参星显耀于天鼋之域。伶州鸠提及此二星象,实含天命更迭、商周鼎革之隐喻,并非天文观测实录。《管子·四时》中的西方之“辰”与东方之“星”,亦应解读为“大火”与“参星”。清华简《五纪》述有“日月星辰岁”五纪,其中“辰”“星”则分别指“十二辰”与“二十八宿”,有别于《周语》的“五纪”,产生时代稍晚。《尚书·洪范》另记有“岁、日、月、星辰、历数”的“五纪”体系,其时代应更为久远,可视作其他“五纪”以及“五方”系统之滥觞。 In the“Zhouyu(The Discourse of Zhou)”chapter of the Guoyu,the astronomical omen mentioned by Ling Zhoujiu—“the Chen is at the end of the Dipper’s handle,and the Xing is in the Celestial Tortoise”—should not be confined to traditional interpretations,which take Chen to mean the conjunction of the sun and moon,and Xing to refer to the planet Mercury.However,this paper argues that“Chen”and“Xing”are better understood as Dahuo(Antares)and Shen(Orion)respectively.The sentence thus describes the astronomical scene in which Antares appears at the position of the Dipper’s handle,and Orion shines within the domain of the Celestial Tortoise(Tianyuan).Ling used this scene as a celestial metaphor for the Mandate of Heaven and the dynastic transition from Shang to Zhou,rather than a literal record of astronomical observation.Similarly,the references to“Chen”in the west and“Xing”in the east in the“Sishi(Four Seasons)”chapter of the Guanzi should also be interpreted as Antares and Orion.However,the Tsinghua Bamboo Slips Wu Ji includes“sun,moon,stars,chen,and years”,in which Chen and Xing refer to the twelve earthly branches and twenty-eight lunar mansions,respectively.This is a a different and chronologically later system than that found in Zhouyu.Besides,the Wu Ji mentioned in the Hongfan(The Grand Plan)chapter of the Book of Documents—namely“years,days,months,stars,and calendrical calculations”—appear to represent an earlier conceptual origin of later“Wu Ji”and“Five Directions”systems.

作者张东 ZHANG Dong(School of History,Beijing Normal University,Beijing 102206,China)

机构地区北京师范大学历史学院

出处《郑州航空工业管理学院学报(社会科学版)》 2025年第3期105-112,共8页 Journal of Zhengzhou University of Aeronautics(Social Science Edition)

关键词辰星参《四时》《五纪》 Chen Xing Shen Sishi(Four Seasons) Wu Ji

分类号 K231.04 [历史地理—中国史]

作者简介张东,山东禹城人,博士生,研究方向为历史地理与气候变化。