从守御千户到江南总镇:明代御倭背景下的吴淞军镇江海防御考述

From Thousand-Household Garrison to Jiangnan's Principal Town:A Study and Narrative of the Wusong's Coastal Defenses in the Ming Dynasty's Campaign against Japanese Pirates

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摘要明立朝之初,颇重海防,在吴淞设立守御千户所,作为沿海藩篱。然而嘉靖大倭寇爆发后,江南沿海卫所全面溃败,吴淞千户所也未能幸免。为解苏、松等江南之地倭寇之虞,明廷在吴淞设南直隶江南副总兵,吴淞就此成为江南总镇,并以其为核心重新构建南直隶江南地区防御体系。吴淞总镇辖下兵士众多,统御从镇江至吴淞口长江以南沿江防御和吴淞口至金山沿海防御,辖区近千里。且每年汛期,吴淞总镇派游兵营、奇兵营东进大洋,驻防羊山、陈钱等岛屿,防倭于海。总镇设立令吴淞一跃成为江南地区军事重镇,与浙江乍浦、定海共同成为整个江南地区最为重要防倭门户。明朝末年,江南副总兵吴志葵曾领兵抗清,吴淞总镇兵船在与清军斗争中全军覆没。终明一代,吴淞由寂寂无名沿海之地,逐渐成为千户所和江南总镇,军事战略地位和重要性有了极大提升,也进而影响到吴淞军镇建置和社会文化发展。 During the early Ming Dynasty,the imperial court prioritized coastal defense,establishing a thousand-household garrison in Wusong to serve as a maritime bulwark.However,following the outbreak of Jiajing wokou(Japanese pirates)raids,the coastal defenses in the Jiangnan region(the region south of the Yangtze River Delta),including the Wusong Thousand-household Garrison,were overwhelmed.To mitigate the threat of Japanese pirates to Suzhou,Songjiang,and other Jiangnan locales,the Ming court appointed a Deputy Regional Commander of Jiangnan in Southern Zhili,stationing him in Wusong and elevating it to the principal town of Jiangnan.A new defensive framework for the Jiangnan area in Southern Zhili was constructed,with Wusong at its core.The Wusong Principal Town oversaw a substantial military force and governed a vast territory of thousands of miles,tasked with safeguarding the southern bank of the Yangtze River from Zhenjiang to the Wusong Estuary and the coastline from the Wusong Estuary to Jinshan.Additionally,during the annual flood season,the Wusong Principal Town dispatched mobile and specialized troops to the eastern islands,such as Yangshan and Chenqian,to fortify against Japanese pirates at sea.The establishment of the principal town transformed Wusong into a pivotal military hub of Jiangnan and a critical frontline against Japanese pirates,akin to Zhapu and Dinghai in Zhejiang.By the late Ming Dynasty,Wu Zhikui,the Deputy Regional Commander of Jiangnan,led his forces against the Qing army,leading to the loss of all Wusong Principal Town warships.Throughout the Ming era,Wusong evolved from an obscure coastal location into a thousand-household garrison,then the principal town of Jiangnan,with a concomitant increase in its military and strategic significance,which in turn shaped its social and cultural development.

作者张行刚 Zhang Xinggang

机构地区上海市嘉定博物馆

出处《上海地方志》 2024年第4期86-93,96,共9页 Shanghai Chronicles

关键词吴淞千户所江南总镇御倭明代 Wusong thousand-household garrison principal town of Jiangnan the campaign against Japanese pirates Ming Dynasty

分类号 K248 [历史地理—中国史]

作者简介张行刚,上海市嘉定博物馆,馆员(上海嘉定201800)。