“土司可以出任流官”辨

A Critique of“Tusi Can Serve as Liuguan”

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摘要土司与流官是泾渭分明的两个概念,绝无互相改变身份之说。而在土司问题的研究中,有“土司可以出任流官”的说法,对此有必要加以辨析。主张此说者所举例证,误将历史文献中的记载解读为土司可以出任流官,这与其对明清职官制度中相关概念把握不当有关,未弄清楚加官、加衔、散官、勋官、赠官的内涵,将其与职事官混为一谈。在雍正朝大规模改土归流后,清政府为实现对土司地区的直接统治,除改变“土流并治”的具体内涵外,还采取了管理流官的方式管理土司,突出反映在对仿流官职衔增设的不准世袭的土弁、土屯官和“流职土司”的管理上,这些不准世袭的土弁、土屯官和“流职土司”实际上已不是严格意义上的土司,但绝不意味他们可以出任流官。“土司可以出任流官”的说法是不妥的,也不符合历史事实。 “Tusi”(native minority headmen)and“Liuguan”(government-dispatched officials)are two distinctly different identities,with no possibility of interchangeability between them.However,in the study of the Tusi issues,the claim that“Tusi can serve as Liuguan”needs to be addressed.Proponents of this view have misinterpreted the relevant historical terms due to their misunderstandings of the related documents,failing to distinguish the implications of different official titles of the Ming and Qing dynasties like the officials with an honorary title or a prestige title or a title for meritorious services or posthumous enfeoffment who were different from those officials in power.Following the policy of the large-scale replacement of the native minority headmen with government-dispatched officials during the Yongzheng period and aiming to achieve the direct rule over the Tusi areas,the Qing government not only changed the actual co-governance by both the native minority headmen and government-dispatched officials,but also in many aspects adopted the same Liuguan-related management policies for Tusi,which was particularly evident in the establishment of nonhereditary“Tuben”(native military officers),“Tutun”(native garrison officers),and“Liuzhi Tusi”(government-dispatched Tusi-based native officials)with titles seemingly similar to those of Liuguan.However,these nonhereditary Tuben,Tutun and Liuzhi Tusi were no longer strictly Tusi in the traditional sense,and in fact they could not serve as Liuguan.Thus,the claim that“Tusi can serve as Liuguan”is inaccurate and not in line with the historical facts.

作者黄海涛邹翀 HUANG Haitao;ZOU Chong(School of History and Administration,Yunnan Normal University,Kunming 650500,China)

机构地区云南师范大学历史与行政学院

出处《云南师范大学学报（哲学社会科学版）》 CSSCI 北大核心 2024年第4期149-156,共8页 Journal of Yunnan Normal University：Humanities and Social Sciences Edition

基金国家社会科学基金冷门绝学研究专项“中国西南地区汉代崖墓资料收集整理保护研究”(23VJXG025)。

关键词土司流官土司制度职官制度 “土流并治” Tusi Liuguan Tusi system official system “co-governance by both Tusi and Liuguan”

分类号 K23 [历史地理—中国史]

作者简介黄海涛,男,云南大理人,云南师范大学教授,博士生导师,研究方向为西南边疆史地;邹翀,男,云南昆明人,云南师范大学在读博士研究生,研究方向为西南边疆史地。