摘要
流行观点认为达尔文的方法论是假说演绎的,而不是他自己声称的培根式归纳法。但这种认识局限于理解他的生物学著作,尤其是《物种起源》(1859)。本文尝试将其延伸至达尔文的心理学研究《人与动物的情感表达》(1872),该书提出了表情三原则。首先,总结以往学术界的历史方法:仅凭自然选择假说的提出早于相关论据的陈述,就将《物种起源》划为假说演绎。这种方法在考察表情研究时失效,因为达尔文在收集数据后才得出了表情三原则,而且它们不可证伪,因此不能作为假说。其次,根据达尔文对培根传统的名义遵循,在该书的最后一段发现了真正的假说。最后,联系自然选择与表情第一原则,破除达尔文心理学研究只使用拉马克获得性遗传的误解。
It is a popular belief that Darwin's methodology is hypothetico-deductive rather than Baconian induction as he himself claimed.But this belief is confined to understanding his biological writing and mainly with reference to the Origin of Species(1859).This article attempts to extend the discussion to Darwin's psychological study,The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals(1872),in which three principles are proposed to account for the mechanism of emotional expression.This article firstly summarizes the historical method discussed in former scholarship that merely by notarizing that the hypothesis of natural selection came to Darwin before his demonstration of data,the Origin of Species is defined as hypothetico-deductive.Nonetheless,this method is ineffective in studying the Expression of Emotions,for the three expressional principles occurred to Darwin after his collection of data,and,furthermore,they are self-explanatory(non-falsifiable),and so are unsuitable to become a hypothesis.This article then locates the real hypothesis in the last paragraph of the book according to Darwin's nominal concession to the Baconian tradition.Natural selection is also identified in the first principle on evolution to break the misconception that there is only Lamarckian use-inheritance in Darwin's psychological study.
作者
刘红晋
LIU Hongjin(Science Press,Beijing,100717)
出处
《自然辩证法通讯》
CSSCI
北大核心
2023年第7期79-85,共7页
Journal of Dialectics of Nature
关键词
假说演绎模型
达尔文
表情
自然选择
本能
Hypothetico-deductive model
Darwin
Emotional expression
Natural selection
Instinct
作者简介
刘红晋(1987-)男,英国利兹大学哲学博士,清华大学博士后,科学出版社策划编辑。研究方向为心理学史、达尔文研究。Email:632462362@qq.com。
